托福TPO托福句子简化化题,为什么A错

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【攻破秘诀】托福阅读句子简化题
责编:新航道小编& & 浏览 0
托福阅读中,句子简化题是十大题型之一。通常情况下托福阅读都会有1道简化题。参加托福的考生应该都知道TPO是托福备考最权威的资料,一般的托福培训班也都会以此为讲解重点之一。所以新航道小...
  托福阅读中,句子简化题是十大题型之一。通常情况下都会有1道简化题。参加托福的考生应该都知道TPO是托福备考最权威的资料,一般的班也都会以此为讲解重点之一。所以新航道小编就结合这两点,为大家集中整理了TPO阅读中出现的句子简化题,以期能帮助大家提高托福阅读分数。
  句子简化题包含两个层面:语义和逻辑,也是我们在托福阅读备考过程中经常会遇到的类型题,希望通过本文的简化,我们会了解托福阅读常见的逻辑关系转换四大明显和隐含关系,对我们的托福阅读考试会有一定的帮助。
  为大家提供一个比较有效的破解托福句子简化题的方法。
  一、判断句类:简单句or复杂句?
  二、找出主干和句内逻辑
  三、在选项中找到句子主干和逻辑关系
  托福阅读句子简化题:
  Graves drew two conclusions from these observations. First, at least some of the observed differences between the enzymes of the Atlantic and Pacific fish
  populations were not random but were the result of evolutionary adaptation. Second, it appears that closely related populations of fishes on both sides of the isthmus are starting to genetically diverge from each other. Because Graves&s study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive, divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process. Q12 Which of the sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
  A. Graves&s study provides evidence that isthmus fishes are in the process of becoming geographically isolated.
  B. Graves&s study of mutating isthmus fishes yields results that differ from results of other studies involving allopatric speciation.
  C. Graves&s study of isolated populations of isthmus fishes provides some evidence that allopatric speciation might be beginning.
  D. Graves&s study indicates that when isolated, populations of isthmus fishes register neutral or adaptive mutations.
  1. 首先确定句子核心信息
  Because Graves&s study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive, 【divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process.】
  词汇:
  A glimpse of 看见,瞥见 Mutation 突变,变种
  Divergence 变化,变异
  Allopatric speciation 异地物种形成
  2. 理解大意
  该句是由because引导的原因状语从句和方括号内的主句组成的嵌套句,从句的主谓宾已用绿色字体标出,大意为:因为G的研究让人们看到了突变的逐渐累积过程的开始,所以这里的变异可能是正在进行中的异地物种形成的证据。也即是说:G的研究为异地物种形成提供了证据。
  3. 核对选项
  A. Graves&s study provides evidence that isthmus fishes are in the process of
  becoming geographically isolated.
  A选项主句信息缺失
  B. Graves&s study of mutating isthmus fishes yields results that differ from results of
  other studies involving allopatric speciation. B选项提到&不同&,而原句未提及
  C. Graves&s study of isolated populations of isthmus fishes provides some evidence
  that allopatric speciation might be beginning.
  C选项说到G关于鱼的研究为异地物种形成的开始提供了证据,与之前分析的大意一致
  D. Graves&s study indicates that when isolated, populations of isthmus fishes
  register neutral or adaptive mutations. D选项主句信息缺失
  所以该题正确答案为C。
  以上就是小编整理的有关简化题的相关内容,希望对你的托福阅读考试会有一定的帮助,如果大家托福阅读考试过程中还存在一定的问题,欢迎电话咨询我们的托福老师,我们会在第一时间为大家解决这些问题。
相关阅读:托福阅读句子简化题方法总结
摘要: 今天,环球托福的老师来和大家说一说关于托福阅读句子简化题的方法总结,希望可以给同学们对于托福此类题型的备考带来帮助
今天,环球托福的老师来和大家说一说关于托福阅读句子简化题的方法总结,希望可以给同学们对于托福此类题型的备考带来帮助。
1.&&&& 托福阅读句子简化题方法一:精确定位平行关系
例如:The empty shell of a snail or clam may be left behind, and if it is sufficiently durable and resistant to dissolution, it may remain basically unchanged for a long period of time.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.&&
A. When snail or clam shells are left behind, they must be empty in order to remain durable and resist dissolution.
B. Although snail and clam shells are durable and resist dissolving, over time they slowly begin to change.
C. Although the soft parts of snails or clams dissolve quickly, their hard shells resist dissolution for a long time.
D. Empty snail or clam shells that are strong enough not to dissolve may stay in their original state for a long time.
解析:正确选项(D)。首先我们会看到这个句子前面即为The empty shell of a snail or clam的平行结构,然后用and来并列分句1The empty shell of a snail or clam may be left behind 和分句2 it may remain basically unchanged for a long period of time. 所以我们发现这个需简化的句子其实就只需简化为一个简单句。而选项A,B,C三个选项分别由时间关系,转折逻辑关系,所以是不正确的选项。
2.托福阅读句子简化题方法二:识别总分逻辑关系
例如:The West had plenty of attractions: the alluvial(冲积的) river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers working their rocky, sterile land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Because the West had more rivers and forests than the East, its soil was more productive.
B. The fertile soils of the West drew farmers from regions with barren soils.
C. Farmers living in western areas of the United States were more affected by soil erosion than farmers living in eastern areas.
D. The soil in western areas of the United States was richer than soil in eastern areas.
解析:正确选项为(B)。我们来看看&plenty of attractions:&,要点是&:& 解释说明之功效。the alluvial(冲积的) river bottoms,the fecund soils,the black loams of the prairies 三者形成并列结构,来详细解释说明plenty of attractions,换言之,我们需要对分解内容进行合并,
最后我们得出B选项。我们再分析一下A , C, D ,它们分别表达因果关系和两个并列关系。所以它们不符合我们的解析!
以上,就是今天带来的全部内容,更多IBT阅读详细分析,敬请关注环球教育北美托福教学!
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快速准确破解托福阅读中的句子简化题
  句子简化题(sentence simplification questions)是托福阅读独有的一种题型。这一题型重在考查考生对长难句基本意思的把握程度,具有一定的难度。下面笔者就在介绍这一题型的基础上为考生讲解解题技巧,希望对考生解答这类题目有所帮助。
  句子简化题的基本要求是要求考生对比文中标出的句子(以下简称&原句&)与选项,选出与原句基本意思最为接近的选项。这类题目的提问方式一般为:&Which is the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.&一般来说,题目中干扰选项的错误主要体现在两个方面:一是从根本上改变了原句意思,二是漏掉了原句中包含的重要信息。
  句子简化题的出题思路一般分为两类:一是对长难句的化繁为简,即原句比较长,逻辑关系复杂,选项只保留了原句的主要信息,而省略了原句的次要信息(如同位语、例子)等;二是对相对简单的句子的同义改写,即原句难度不大,逻辑关系简单,选项是原句的同义改写。从做题方法上来说,对于第二种出题思路的题目,考生应该采用通读的办法,在理解原句意思的基础上再答题。而针对第一种出题思路的题目,考生一般把握住原句的几个关键点就可以见微知著,找到破解句子简化题的良方。下面笔者就介绍两个以第一类出题思路为主的简化题的解题技巧,供考生参考。
  技巧一:对比原句与选项,逻辑关系与原文一致者为正确选项
  以化繁为简为出题思路的原句往往具有句子长、结构复杂的特点,考生把握住这类句子的逻辑对于解题非常关键。在句子简化题中,最常用到的逻辑关系有五种:因果关系、条件关系、转折关系、让步关系以及并列关系。考生应根据句中各成分间的逻辑关系分析出哪个是主句、哪个是从句。在选择选项时,选项句子的逻辑关系应该与原句的主逻辑关系保持一致。这里有两点需要指明。首先,转折和让步的逻辑关系可以互相转换。也就是说,如果原句是转折(让步)关系,那么正确选项有可能是让步(转折)关系。不过,考生要进一步确定选项句子的主句意思与原句的主句意思是否一致,因为题目很有可能会在两种逻辑的转换中设置陷阱。其次,如果原文句子既包含并列关系,又包含其他四种逻辑关系中的某一种,那么并列关系一般会显得次要些,而其他逻辑关系是主逻辑关系。
  考生在使用这一技巧解题时需要注意两个要点:第一,当多个选项都与原句的逻辑关系一致时,要分别对照选项与原句,看两者主句的意思是否一致,一般主要看谓语动词的意思是否一致;第二,若多个选项不仅逻辑关系与原句一致,主句意思也都一致,则须进一步对比各选项与原句,看两者的从句意思是否一致。以下面一道托福真题为例。
  例1:The highlighted sentence: He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine&a projector&from him instead of several.
  Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence from the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
  A. Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one.
  B. Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines.
  C. Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell.
  D. Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agree to purchase more than one projector from him.
  解析:由原句中的reasoning和if可知,本句包含两种逻辑关系&&因果关系和条件关系。但是由于if引导的条件从句是附属于reasoning引出的表示原因的从句中,因而本题原句的主逻辑关系是因果关系。所以,考生应首先考虑选择包含因果关系的选项B与C。由于单靠逻辑关系还判断不出正确选项,考生需进一步对比选项主句与原句主句,看两者的意思是否一致。原句中&He refused to develop projection technology&的谓语动词是refused;选项B主句的谓语动词也是refused;选项 C主句的谓语动词是did not want to,与原句的refused属于同义词范畴。也就是说,选项B与C的主句意思与原句的主句意思一致,因而考生还是不能找出答案。这时,考生便需要再进一步对比选项从句与原句从句的意思是否一致。从原句中的&& would purchase only one machine & instead of several&可知,原句主要讨论的是数量问题,对比选项B与选项C,只有选项C中的the number与数量有关,因而正确答案是选项C。
  技巧二:对比原句中出现的例子与选项,不包含例子内容的选项为正确选项
  这一策略主要适用于原句中出现例子的情况。出现例子的原句一般包含for example、for instance、such as、like、include、including等标志词(组),或包含括号等特殊符号。由于正确选项都是对原句核心意思的概括,因而一般不会涉及到原句所举的例子。根据这一点,考生可以用例子的内容与选项对比,凡是含有例子内容的选项一般都不是正确答案。以下面两道真题为例。
  例2:The highlighted sentence: Indeed, stability of the biological clock&s period is one of its major features, even when the organism&s environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly. (TPO 13: Biological Clocks)
  Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
  A. Stability, a feature of the biological clock&s period, depends on changeable factors such as temperature.
  B. A major feature of the biological clock is that its period does not change despite significant changes in the environment.
  C. A factor such as temperature is an important feature in the establishment of the biological clock's period.
  D. Biological activity is not strongly affected by changes in temperature.
  解析:原句中出现了表示列举的标志词组such as,后面举的例子是temperature,那么根据上文所述,正确选项一般不会含有temperature这个词。考生可以利用这一点先排除选项A、C、D。也就是说,本题的正确答案很可能是选项B。为了安全起见,考生可以再对比选项B与原句,看两者的意思是否一致。原句主句的大意是&生物钟的一个主要特点是稳定(stability),环境的巨大变化对生物钟的影响也不大&,而选项B的大意也是如此,因而可以确定本题的正确答案是选项B。
  例3:The highlighted sentence: In the second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only. (TPO 17: Symbiotic Relationships)
  Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
  A. The relationship between flowering plants and pollinators provides pollinators with food and flowers with efficient reproduction.
  B. In some cases birds obtain food from the seeds that are dispersed in the wind.
  C. The wind not only helps the flowers distribute their seeds but enables birds to find more food.
  D. Animals and insects are more effective in distributing pollen and seeds than the wind.
  解析:本题原句中出现了括号,而且括号里面的内容是举例。根据上文所述,考生可以利用括号里出现的insects、birds与选项比对,如果选项中含有insects或birds,则可以暂时排除,由此考生可以排除选项B、C、D,重点考虑选项A。选项A强调的是pollinators与flowering plants的关系:flowering plants为pollinators提供food;而pollinators帮助flowering plants有效繁殖。由原句中的obtain food以及pollen distributed和seeds dispersed可知,原句所讲的意思也是pollinator与flowering plants的关系,因而原句的意思与选项A的基本意思一致。由此考生可以断定选项A作为正确答案。
  技巧一与技巧二的综合运用
  考生在考试中难免会遇到更为复杂的题目,有时候需要综合运用以上两种技巧才能快速解题。以下面一道托福阅读真题题为例。
  例4:The highlighted sentence: Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.
  Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. (TPO 14 Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia)
  A. Despite the fact that wealth is relatively evenly distributed in pastoral societies, gender inequality still exists because only men can acquire military skills and social status.
  B. Inequalities of gender existed in pastoralist societies until most communities began to require women to possess the same skills as men and take part in the military.
  C. Inequalities of gender in pastoralist societies were caused by steep hierarchies of wealth and differences in military training between men and women.
  D. In pastoral societies, gender inequality is comparatively mild because wealth is relatively evenly distributed and women have to learn most of the same skills that men do.
  解析:很多考生看到原句中出现的转折逻辑词but,就会想到用逻辑吻合的技巧来解答。由于英语中的转折关系与让步关系可以相互转换,因而很多考生看到选项A出现的despite,会误以为其是正确答案,掉入前面提到的在逻辑转换时题目设置的陷阱中。所以,考生在利用技巧一解题时,遇到逻辑吻合的选项后,一定要对比一下该选项与原句的主句意思是否一致。在本题中,原句主句的重点在but之后,即&they seem to have been softened&,而选项A的主句是&gender inequality still exists&,两者的意思明显不一致,因而A不是正确选项。事实上,如果考生快速浏览原句,会发现后面句子出现了举例的标志词including,所举的例子就是military skills。根据这个例子,考生可以暂且排除A、B、C三个选项。然后再对比选项D与原句的意思是否一致,最后考生可以得出正确答案正是选项D。
  综上所述,考生解答句子简化题时,并非一看到题目就要通读,而要视情况而定,聪明地做题。一般来说,原句越长越复杂,解题技巧发挥的作用会更大。熟练掌握文中所述的两个技巧,考生定能在解题时受到事半功倍之效。
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版权所有不良信息举报电话:托福阅读句子简化题型解析
如果我们根据意思来的话此题一样也选选项,名师解析托福阅读中句子简化题,一常见的五种后置定语要清楚,所以后置定语就是放在名词的后面起到限定修饰作用的短语,如中介词短语修饰表示为表面上的熔岩。
托福阅读句子简化题型解析有的同学在处理托福阅读题分析长难句时遇到很大困难,看到句子简化题可能就会有晕头转向的感觉,在这里给大家讲解一些句子简化题的方法技巧,希望再次越到此题型不再那么迷茫。
首先,句子简化题在文中出现的个数是0-1个。它的题干问法是固定的,永远都是
whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.就是从四个选项中学出最能表达文中高亮句的主要信息,所以不管做多少次句子简化题,大家都不要浪费时间去读题直接看选项就好了。
解答句子简化题并不是像一般人认为的去翻译这个句子才能解题,一般是需要以下这两个步骤的。第一,看到句子之后的第一个反应是找句子内部的逻辑关系。常见的逻辑关系有两种转折或者因果。举例来说,若原高亮句有转折的逻辑关系,第一步需要做的事情是排掉选项中逻辑关系不对的即不是表示转折的,若选项中还有两个以上逻辑关系都相符合,那么采用的原则是逻辑成分的对应。这是第一步有逻辑关系的时候采用的方法,如果高亮句中没有逻辑关系需要采用第二步,提取高亮句中的主干信息,排掉选项中主干信息不符的。
为了让大家更好的体会答题方法,举个例子来进一步诠释一下。
Paragraph9:Therelativeamountofthesetwokindsofwatervariesgreatlyfromonekindofrockorsedimenttoanother,eventhoughtheirporositiesmaybethesame.Whathappensdependsonporesize.Iftheporesarelarge,thewaterinthemwillexistasdropstooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold,butiftheporesaresmallenough,thewaterinthemwillexistasthinfilms,toolighttoovercometheforceofsurfacetensithenthewaterwillbefirmlyheld.
Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation
○Surfacetensionisnotstrongenoughtoretaindropsofwaterinrockswithlargeporesbutitstrongenoughtoholdontothinfilmsofwaterinrockswithsmallpores.
○Waterinrocksisheldinplacebylargeporesanddrainsawayfromsmallsizeporesthroughsurfacetension.
○Smallporesandlargeporesbothinteractwithsurfacetensiontodeterminewhetherarockwillholdwaterasheavydropsorasathinfilm.
○Iftheforceofsurfacetensionistooweaktoholdwaterinplaceasheavydrops,thewaterwillcontinuetobeheldfirmlyinplaceasathinfilmwhenlargeporesexist.
首先,高亮句中有一个很明显的逻辑关系词叫but说明原句是转折的逻辑关系,按照我的方法选项中不是表示转折的全都排掉那只剩下选项A了,那么这个题就选A。此种方法可以在句子很长读不懂题的情况下快速解答出来。
那我们来看一下原句话的意思说如果孔大,里面的水就会形成水滴对于表面张力来说太沉了hold不住,结果就是里面的水就流走了,但是如果孔小的话里面的水就会以薄膜的形式存在,表面张力就能hold住结果里面的水就会留在里面了。如果我们根据意思来的话此题一样也选A选项。
希望对大家有所帮助!
名师解析托福阅读中句子简化题
托福阅读重点考察考生的阅读理解和对于信息提取的能力,是为将来进一步的学术期刊的阅读和学术研究打下基矗阅读文章中出现的长难句常是考生阅读中遇到的一大难点,而托福阅读十种题型中的句子简化题更是针对文章中的长难句进行了重点考察。所以,考生在平时备考过程中要注重句子结构的分析和主干信息的提龋要想分清楚句子结构,对于常见的修饰成分要搞清楚。所以在准备阶段,注重句法的知识积累就显得格外重要。
一、常见的五种后置定语要清楚。
对于基本的句子结构,主谓宾或是主系表大家都比较熟悉,但是对于句子里的修饰成分,大家往往熟悉名词之前的修饰成分,也就是对于前置的定语非常熟悉,但是对于名词之后的修饰成分也就是后置定语往往并不了解,或者即使了解,概念也较为模糊。后置定语,顾名思义分为后置和定语两个部分。后置也就是此种短语出现的位置是在名词之后,定语就是起到起到修饰限定作用的短语,注意是短语而不是句子,本质上相当于形容词。所以后置定语就是放在名词的后面起到限定修饰作用的短语。基本可以划分为五种情况。1,形容词做后置定语。如:fossilavailable.即为可用的化石。2,介词短语做后置定语。如lavaonthesurface,中onthesurface介词短语修饰lava,表示为表面上的熔岩。3,现在分词短语做后置定语。如
thebloodvesselscarryingcooledblood.中的carryingcooledblood就是现在分词短语用来修饰限定thebloodvessels,理解为运载着凉的血液的血管。4,过去分词短语做后置定语,thegradualdryingofthesoilcausedbyitsdiminishedability中的causedbyitsdiminishedability就是过去分词短语做后置定语修饰thegradualdryingofthesoil,理解为减少的能力导致的土壤的干燥。5,不定式短语做后置定语。theabilitytoabsorbwater中toabsorbwater限定修饰theability,理解为吸收水的能力。
二、句子之间的逻辑关系要抓祝
在了解了句子结构的基础之上,句子内部以及句子之间的逻辑关系也是非常重要的。常见的逻辑关系有,1,转折:but,however,yet转折关系重在强调转折单词之后的内容。2,让步:although,though,eventhough,evenif,despite,inspiteof,nevertheless。让步关系出现在句中时,强调的是后半句,前半句被弱化。3,比较对比:more/lethan,most,as…as,while,whereas。尤其注意对比种可能多个逻辑关系词柔和在一起,如既有whereas的对比,又有more…than的比较。4,条件:if,onlyif,except,unless,providethat,aslongas。5,因果:because(of),since,as,why,for,therefore,hence,thus,thereby,consequently,accordingly,leadto,asaresult(of),resultin,resultfrom,reason,AcontributetoB,attribute/ascribeAtoB,explain,
comefrom,soAthatB,AberesponsibleforB等等。在因果关系中要注意区分谁是结果,谁是原因。
在熟悉掌握句子的修饰成分和逻辑关系之后,遇到长难句时,阅读句子将不再是一个个单词的累积,而是意群的组合。这样清楚地划分出句子主干后,理解起来将会容易得多。例如:TPO15考察的句子简化题。Inacountercurrentexchangesystem,thebloodvesselscarryingcooledbloodfromtheflippersruncloseenoughtothebloodvesselscarryingwarmbloodfromthebodytopickupsomeheatfromtthus,theheatistransferredfromtheoutgoingtotheingoingvesselsbeforeitreachestheflipperitself.就可以拆分为:Inacountercurrentexchangesystem,thebloodvessels(carryingcooledbloodfromtheflippers)runcloseenoughtothebloodvessels(carryingwarmbloodfromthebody)topickupsomeheatfromtthus,theheatistransferredfromtheoutgoingtotheingoingvesselsbeforeitreachestheflipperitself.句子逻辑关系词为thus,因此是因果关系,且前因后果。carryingcooledbloodfromtheflippers和carryingwarmbloodfromthebody两个均为分词短语做后置定语限定修饰前面的bloodvessels,这两个修饰成分搞清楚,句子结构就明朗了。即,在逆流的交换体系里,从鳍中流入的带着冷血的血管与中从身体里流出的带着暖血的血管紧密排列,因此,热量就可
以在到达鳍之前,从流出的血管转移到了流入的血管中。
句子结构和逻辑关系对于解答句子简化题和阅读文章的长难句都非常重要,所以大家在阅读文章时要养成精读句子,划分句子结构,提取主干信息的好习惯,点滴积累,调高阅读的速度和理解的能力。文章摘自:
托福阅读句子简化题解析
托福阅读重点考察考生的阅读理解和对于信息提取的能力,是为将来进一步的学术期刊的阅读和学术研究打下基矗托福阅读文章中出现的长难句常是考生阅读中遇到的一大难点,而托福阅读十种题型中的句子简化题更是针对文章中的长难句进行了重点考察。所以,考生在平时备考过程中要注重句子结构的分析和主干信息的提龋要想分清楚句子结构,对于常见的修饰成分要搞清楚。所以在准备阶段,注重句法的知识积累就显得格外重要。
一、常见的五种后置定语要清楚。
对于基本的句子结构,主谓宾或是主系表大家都比较熟悉,但是对于句子里的修饰成分,大家往往熟悉名词之前的修饰成分,也就是对于前置的定语非常熟悉,但是对于名词之后的修饰成分也就是后置定语往往并不了解,或者即使了解,概念也较为模糊。后置定语,顾名思义分为后置和定语两个部分。后置也就是此种短语出现的位置是在名词之后,定语就是起到起到修饰限定作用的短语,注意是短语而不是句子,本质上相当于形容词。所以后置定语就是放在名词的后面起到限定修饰作用的短语。基本可以划分为五种情况。
1,形容词做后置定语。如:fossilavailable.即为可用的化石。
2,介词短语做后置定语。如lavaonthesurface,中onthesurface介词短语修饰lava,表示为表面上的熔岩。
3,现在分词短语做后置定语。如thebloodvesselscarryingcooledblood.中的carryingcooledblood就是现在分词短语用来修饰限定thebloodvessels,理解为运载着凉的血液的血管。
4,过去分词短语做后置定语,thegradualdryingofthesoilcausedbyitsdiminishedability中的causedbyitsdiminishedability就是过去分词短语做后置定语修饰thegradualdryingofthesoil,理解为减少的能力导致的土壤的干燥。
5,不定式短语做后置定语。theabilitytoabsorbwater中toabsorbwater限定修饰theability,理解为吸收水的能力。
二、句子之间的逻辑关系要抓祝
在了解了句子结构的基础之上,句子内部以及句子之间的逻辑关系也是非常重要的。常见的逻辑关系有:
1,转折:but,however,yet转折关系重在强调转折单词之后的内容。
2,让步:although,though,eventhough,evenif,despite,inspiteof,nevertheless。让步关系出现在句中时,强调的是后半句,前半句被弱化。
3,比较对比:more/lethan,most,as…as,while,whereas。尤其注意对比种可能多个逻辑关系词柔和在一起,如既有whereas的对比,又有more…than的比较。
4,条件:if,onlyif,except,unless,providethat,aslongas。
5,因果:because(of),since,as,why,for,therefore,hence,thus,thereby,
consequently,accordingly,leadto,asaresult(of),resultin,resultfrom,reason,AcontributetoB,attribute/ascribeAtoB,explain,comefrom,soAthatB,AberesponsibleforB等等。在因果关系中要注意区分谁是结果,谁是原因。
在熟悉掌握句子的修饰成分和逻辑关系之后,遇到长难句时,阅读句子将不再是一个个单词的累积,而是意群的组合。这样清楚地划分出句子主干后,理解起来将会容易得多。例如:TPO15考察的句子简化题。Inacountercurrentexchangesystem,thebloodvesselscarryingcooledbloodfromtheflippersruncloseenoughtothebloodvesselscarryingwarmbloodfromthebodytopickupsomeheatfromtthus,theheatistransferredfromtheoutgoingtotheingoingvesselsbeforeitreachestheflipperitself.
就可以拆分为:Inacountercurrentexchangesystem,thebloodvessels(carryingcooledbloodfromtheflippers)runcloseenoughtothebloodvessels(carryingwarmbloodfromthebody)topickupsomeheatfromtthus,theheatistransferredfromtheoutgoingtotheingoingvesselsbeforeitreachestheflipperitself.句子逻辑关系词为thus,因此是因果关系,且前因后果。carryingcooledbloodfromtheflippers和carryingwarmbloodfromthebody两个均为分词短语做后置定语限定修饰前面的bloodvessels,这两个修饰成分搞清楚,句子结构就明朗了。即,在逆流的交换体系里,从鳍中流入的带着冷血的血管与中从身体里流出的带着暖血的血管紧密排列,因此,热量就可以在到达鳍之前,从流出的血管转移到了流入的血管中。
托福阅读考试中,句子结构和逻辑关系对于解答句子简化题和阅读文章的长难句都非常重要,所以大家在阅读文章时要养成精读句子,划分句子结构,提取主干信息的好习惯,点滴积累,调高阅读的速度和理解的能力。
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