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（一）阅读A节对比评析对于广大考研学子来说，英语无疑是他们考研跨栏赛中最大的障碍，而阅读理解又无疑是障碍之首。历年考生的平均得分几乎都在40－50分之间，即使是那些通过国家单科分数线的考生，其得分也往往介于50－70分之间，这与其它同类型考试的考生相比，差距还是挺大的。然而，这并不能说明，参加研究生英语考试的考生水平就低于其它考生，这是因为研究生英语考试可以说是目前同种形式内容的所有英语考试中难度最大的。当然，难归难，要想实现考研梦想，最终还是得拿出一定的分数来。那么，到底如何能提高最终的成绩呢？答案是一切以以阅读理解为核心，解决了阅读理解就意味着成功了大半。根据2006年考研英语的最新大纲，阅读理解部分由A、B、C三节组成，考查考生理解书面英语的能力。共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。限于篇幅，本人将分3次分别针对三节进行透析。先从A节讲起，它是占分比例最大的题型，难度也很大。那么，它到底难到什么程度呢？为了便于理解，本文把考研英语阅读A节与雅思A类考试的阅读部分作一比较。作为阅读理解考题，它们的主要测试目的都是相同的，即考生应能：1）理解主旨要义；2）理解文中的具体信息；3）理解文中的概念性含义；4）进行有关的判断、推理和引申；5）根据上下文推测生词的词义；6）理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系；7）理解作者的意图、观点或态度；8）区分论点和论据。然而，两种考试在这些能力的测试方面，侧重点有所不同。下面就针对两种考试的差异，作一详细对比评析。一、阅读篇幅考研阅读A节共4篇文章，每篇文章约400词，总长度约为1600词；每篇文章后，有五道客观选择题，每题有四个选项，只有一个是正确的。考试时，考生的实际阅读量为文章长度和题目阅读量之和，所以考生考试时需阅读约2200－2400个单词。雅思A类阅读共3篇文章，每篇文章约600－800词，总长度约为2000－2750词；每篇文章有13－14道题，总共38－42题。考试时，考生的实际阅读总量约为3000－3500词。评析：从以上数字对比来看，雅思阅读的难度要远远大于考研，因为雅思的阅读量比考研要多出约1000词，而且雅思的考试时间限制是60分钟。虽说考研阅读A节并没有明确的时间限制，但从整个卷面来看，考生解答A节的时间不应超过60分钟。所以，从量上看，考研英语阅读比雅思阅读要容易得多。二、题型设置考研英语阅读A节是四选一的客观选择题，总共20题，主要包括主旨大意题、观点态度题、事实细节题、词义句义题、推理推断题等题型。1996－2005年十年试题的考题类型分布比例如下：雅思阅读的考题形式内容比较繁杂，而且每次考试都涉及八九种不同类型题目的考核，总共38－42题。从历年考题来看，雅思考题主要有：1. Multiple choice questions2. Short answer questions3. Completion questions: Completingsentences4. Completing notes5. Completing a summary (no word bank)6. Completing a summary (with word bank)7. Completing a diagram8. Completing a flow chart9. Completing a table10. Matching a bank of headings to identifyparagraphs or parts of text11. Matching a bank of writers'views/claims/information with the writer12. Identification of information in thetext: yes/no/not given questions13. True/False/Not given questions14. Matching lists/phrases15. Classification questions。评析：从考题量上看，雅思的阅读仍然远远大于考研，因为雅思要多出20题的考核。而且考研阅读A节的题目全部是客观选择题，也就是说，即使考生完全看不懂原文或题目，仍然可以瞎蒙一个，至少也有25％的可能性嘛！三、实际难度从以上篇幅和题型对比来看，雅思阅读的难度似乎要远远大于考研英语阅读A节。然而，只要是分别参加过这两种考试的考生，他们都会得出一个共同的结论：雅思要容易得多。为什么会这样呢？这是因为雅思阅读尽管阅读量和题量很大，但是其题目设置以主观题为主，而且题目的回答大都以事实信息的考核为主，所以只要考生能基本把握文章结构，定位题目的关键词，并以此关键词为线索，找到文章的相应位置，那么答案往往就在前后，无需进行归纳总结或推理推断。而考研阅读A节尽管阅读量和题量都要少得多，但因为其题型主要比例集中在主旨大意题、观点态度题和推理推断题上，其难度一直以来为考生所畏惧；尽管细节题也占有相当比例，但这当中往往含有很多变相的主旨大意、观点态度题和推理推断题，所以考研阅读题目的总体难度反倒远远大于雅思。四、文章选评下面我们就分别任选一篇雅思和考研的阅读文章，进行对比评析。由于雅思A类阅读的三篇文章的难度是依次递增的，所以本文选择了一篇第三篇的文章，以使以上的结论更具说服力。雅思文章READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes onQuestions 28-39 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. Populationviability analysisPart ATo make political decisions about theextent and type of forestry in a region it is important to understand theconsequences of those decisions. One tool for assessing the impact of forestryon the ecosystem is population viability analysis (PVA). This is a tool forpredicting the probability that a species will become extinct in a particularregion over a specific period. It has been successfully used in the UnitedStates to provide input into resource exploitation decisions and assistwildlife managers and there is now enormous potential for using populationviability to assist wildlife management in Australia’s forests.A species becomes extinct when the lastindividual dies. This observation is a useful starting point for any discussionof extinction as it highlights the role of luck and chance in the extinctionprocess. To make a prediction about extinction we need to understand theprocesses that can contribute to it and these fall into four broad categorieswhich are discussed below.Part BA Early attempts to predict population viability were based on demographicuncertainty Whether an individual survivesfrom one year to the nextwill largely be a matter of chance. Somepairs may produce several youngin a single year while others may producenone in that same year. Smallpopulations will fluctuate enormouslybecause of the random nature ofbirth and death and these chancefluctuations can cause species extinctionseven if, on average, the population sizeshould increase. Taking only thisuncertainty of ability to reproduce intoaccount, extinction is unlikely ifthe number of individuals in a populationis above about 50 and thepopulation is growing.B Small populations cannot avoid a certain amount of inbreeding. This isparticularly true if there is a very smallnumber of one sex. For example,if there are only 20 individuals of aspecies and only one is a male, allfuture individuals in the species must bedescended from that one male.For most animal species such individualsare less likely to survive andreproduce. Inbreeding increases the chanceof extinction.C Variation within a species is the raw material upon which naturalselectionacts. Without genetic variability a specieslacks the capacity to evolve andcannot adapt to changes in its environmentor to new predators and newdiseases. The loss of genetic diversityassociated with reductions inpopulation size will contribute to thelikelihood of extinction.D Recent research has shown that other factors need to be considered.Australia’s environment fluctuatesenormously from year to year. Thesefluctuations add yet another degree ofuncertainty to the survival of manyspecies. Catastrophes such as fire, flood,drought or epidemic may reducepopulation sizes to a small fraction oftheir average level. When allowanceis made for these two additional elementsof uncertainty the populationsize necessary to be confident ofpersistence for a few hundred years mayincrease to several thousand.Part CBeside these processes we need to bear inmind the distribution of a population. A species that occurs in five isolatedplaces each containing 20 individuals will not have the same probability ofextinction as a species with a single population of 100 individuals in a singlelocality.Where logging occurs (that is, the cuttingdown of forests for timber) forest-dependent creatures in that area will beforced to leave. Ground-dwelling herbivores may return within a decade.However, arboreal marsupials (that is animals which live in trees) may notrecover to pre-logging densities for over a century. As more forests arelogged, animal population sizes will be reduced further. Regardless of thetheory or model that we choose, a reduction in population size decreases thegenetic diversity of a population and increases the probability of extinctionbecause of any or all of the processes listed above. It is therefore ascientific fact that increasing the area that is loaded in any region willincrease the probability that forest-dependent animals will become extinct.Questions 28-31Do the following statements agree with theviews of the writer in Part A of Reading Passage 3? In boxes 28-31 on youranswer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the writerNO if the statement contradicts the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say whatthe writer thinks about this28 Scientists are interested in the effectof forestry on native animals.29 PVA has been used in Australia for manyyears.30 A species is said to be extinct whenonly one individual exists.31 Extinction is a naturally occurringphenomenon.Questions 32-35These questions are based on Part B ofReading Passage 3.In paragraphs A to D the author describesfour processes which may contribute to the extinction of a species. Match thelist of processes (i-vi) to the paragraphs. Write the appropriate number (i-vi)in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.NB There are more processes than paragraphsso you will not use all of them.Questions 36-38Based on your reading of Part C, completethe sentences below with words taken from the passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREEWORDS for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 36-38 on your answer sheet.While the population of a species may be onthe increase, there is always achance that small isolated groups ... (36)...Survival of a species depends on a balancebetween the size of a populationand its ... (37) ...The likelihood that animals which live inforests will become extinct isincreased when ... (38) ...Question 39Choose the appropriate letter A-D and writeit in box 39 on your answer sheet.39 An alternative heading for the passagecould be:A The protection of native flora and faunaB Influential factors in assessing survivalprobabilityC An economic rationale for the logging offorestsD Preventive measures for the extinction ofa speciesAmerican no longer expect public figures,whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill andgift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, DoingOur Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like,care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal andconservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsiblefor the decline of formal English.But the cult of the authentic and thepersonal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing,poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone whenthey put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writingsince then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, inpoetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that couldclaim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphingover speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array ofexamples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documentsis unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle,why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties ofhuman language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfullyexpressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot conveycomplex ideas He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer thinkstraight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their ownlanguage and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, whileItalian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned tomost English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is notstrictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is reallygrieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take ourEnglish “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably aninevitable one.36. According to Mc Whorter, the decline offormal English __________.A. is inevitable in radical educationreforms.B. is but all too natural in languagedevelopment.C. has caused the controversy over thecounter-culture.D. brought about changes in publicattitudes in the 1960s.37. The word “talking” (Linge6, paragraph3)denotes __________.A. modesty. B. personality. C.liveliness. D. informality.38. To which of the following statementswould Mc Whorter most likely agree?A. Logical thinking is not necessarilyrelated to the way we talk.B. Black English can be more expressivethan standard English.C. Non-standard varieties of human languageare just as entertaining.D. Of all the varieties, standard EnglishCan best convey complex ideas.39. The description of Russians’ love ofmemorizing poetry shows the author’s __________.A. interest in their language. B. appreciation of their efforts.C. admiration for their memory. D. contempt for their old-fashionedness.40. According to the last paragraph, “paperplates” is to “china” as __________.A. “temporary” is to “permanent”. B. “radical” is to “conservative”.C. “functional” is to “artistic”. D. “humble” is to “noble”.下面我们列表对两篇文章进行对比分析： 表一由表一可以看出，雅思的阅读量和题量都是考研的两倍还要多，所以从表面上看，雅思阅读似乎要难得多。然而，我们再看看下表： 表二由表二不难看出，雅思题目的事实细节题量占绝对多数，而考研则不多。再加上雅思的文章在结构上有标题和小标题等因素，这无论是在实际信息提示和视觉效果上，都大大利于考生对文章的理解。所以，雅思的阅读实际上要比考研的容易，只是在时间控制上要比考研难些。当然，说考研英语阅读难并不意味着就束手无策了。因为不管是哪种类型的英语考试，也不管阅读理解的文章和题目相差有多大，考生始终都得先看文章，把握文章的脉络，理解文章的概要，方能进一步解题。
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　　考试科目：英语二。
　　点评：整体都不难。完形单词很简单，阅读整体难度没有增加，第二篇稍微有点难，其他都很简单。主要考查逻辑、主旨和上下文猜词，都是很主流的题目。阅读必考的小标题，都能找到同义复现。小作文是建议信，问如何学习翻译。大作文是饼状图 （题目是大学生旅游的目的，目的一是看景，目的二是缓解压力），描述一下图表写个评论就好。综上所述，今年英语二难度没有变化，个别题难度有降低，全是主流题。
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考研英语二总体难度低于英语一，无论是从单词量上还是阅读分析，还是翻译难度，写作要求都与英语一相比大大降了一个档次，所以说过国家线还是很容易过的。以下具体说一下英语二的各个部分。首先看占分最多的阅读理解，虽然英语二大纲要求的阅读理解单词量与英语一相同，但在大纲中英语二阅读理解没有说明有超纲单词，而英语一明确说将有百分之三的超纲单词。你看到英语二总体不会有一看到就蒙的感觉了。我们可以判断，英语二阅读理解的单词量起码不会超过英语一。这在大纲样题中也有反映，考研英语二样题比过去历年考研英语真题难度要低。其次是变化大的新题型和翻译。英语二无论是选择搭配题、正误判断题还是排序题都要比英语简单得多，英语的文章逻辑要求很强，英二则弱些。对于翻译英语二的英译汉有15分，英语一只有10分，考查形式不一样：我们知道英语一的英译汉是给你一篇难度跟前面阅读理解差不多的文章，然后在里面划上五个长难句，要求翻译，而且这五个句子彼此之间的联系不大，所以每年同学得分都很低。英语二的英译汉则是单独的一个部分，翻译的内容不是划线句子，在一个英语段落中，句子有易有难，有过渡句、解释成份，彼此之间一定有联系，这些比较好翻译。英语一的英译汉比英语二英译汉要难。英语二只要翻译，总是分可以得的，就是多少的问题。最后就是作文了，英语二作文大作文只要150个单词就行了，相当与英语四级难度，常考图表作文，分值是15分。英语一则是要求话题作文，单词要求160—200个单词，分值20分，难度显然英语二容易。总体而言英语二难度还是较小的，过国家线还是比较容易的，所以大家要对自己有信心，加油！！！