There is a map of china on the wall
您要查找的是不是：
墙上有一张地图。
在前面的墙上有一幅中国地图。
墙上有张世界地图。
我们教室里有一张中国地图。
后墙上有一幅世界地图。
在前面的墙上有一副巨大的世界地图。
图书馆里有一张世界地图。
昨天的报纸说教师用书上有一张中国地图有错误。
然后走到后面指指地图。
有一张地图挂在墙上。
桌子上凌乱地堆着一堆书和报纸。
旗帜上有镰刀的图案。
门和窗子中间有一幅世界地图。
桌子上有一层薄薄的尘土。
甲板上有一团乱绳。
盒子内侧有个标签。
水面上有一片浮油。
在街道的拐角处有公共厕所。
墙上有一件青铜饰品。
如果不是以上词条，让海词编辑来提供解释
的海词问答和网友补充：
相关词典网站：英语三级A历年真题题库
本试题来自：（2007年英语三级A历年真题，）Part Ⅱ Structure
Directions: This part is to test your ability to construct grammatically correct sentences. It consists of 2 sections.
Directions: In this section, there are 10 incomplete sentences. You are required to complete each one by deciding on the most appropriate word or words from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.There me two maps on the wall: one is a map of China, and ______ is a map of the world.A．otherB．anotherC．the otherD．the others正确答案：有， 或者 答案解析：有，
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英语三级A历年真题最新试卷
英语三级A历年真题热门试卷From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Honil Gangni Yeokdae Gukdo Ji Do ("Map of Integrated Lands and Regions of Historical Countries and Capitals."), often abbreviated as Kangnido, is a world map created in
(ca. 1470), produced by Yi Hoe and Kwon Kun, premised about a similar map that was introduced to Korea from Japan in 1402.
The Kangnido is one of the oldest surviving world maps from , along with the (ca. 1398) Chinese . It is one of the most important materials for reconstructing the lost 14th-century original by the Chinese. As a world map, it reflects the
during the
when geographical information about Western countries became available via .
It depicts the general form of the , from
in the west to
in the east. Although, overall, it is less geographically accurate than its Chinese cousin, most obviously in the depiction of rivers and small islands, it does feature some improvements (particularly the depictions of Korea and Japan, and a less cramped version of Africa).
Only two copies of the map are known today. Both have been preserved in Japan and show later modifications.
The map currently in
(hereafter, Ryūkoku copy) has gathered scholarly attention since the early 20th century. It is 158 cm by 163 cm, painted on silk. It is presumed that the Ryūkoku copy was created in Korea but it is not clear when the copy was brought to Japan. One claims that it was purchased by
and others assume that it was obtained during the
() and given to the West Honganji temple by . It contains some place names of Korea that are newer than 1402, suggesting that the Ryūkoku copy was partially modified from the 1402 original around the 1470s and 1480s.
The later Honkōji version of the map.
Another copy (Honkōji copy) was discovered in the Honkōji temple of
in 1988. It is 220 cm by 280 cm, much larger than the Ryūkoku copy, and painted on paper. It seems that the Honkōji copy was created in Japan during the . The place names of Korea suggests that it was revised around the 1560s.
There are two copies of maps in Japan that are related to the map. One (Honmyōji copy) housed in the Honmyōji temple of
is known as the "Map of the Great Ming" (大明國地圖). The other (Tenri copy) at
has no title and is tentatively called by a similar name (大明國圖). They are considered to be later adaptations of the original. The most important change is that place names of China are updated to those of the
while the original showed administrative divisions of the Mongol .
Based on a legend of the temple, it has been assumed naively that the Honmyōji copy was given to , the ruler of Kumamoto, by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in preparation for the Korean campaigns. However, the
of Korea reports that in 1593 the son of a Korean official who had surrendered to Katō copied and offered map(s) of China and Korea to him. This may refer to the extant Honmyōji map.
The Ryūkoku and Honkōji copies contain Gwon Geun (權近)'s preface at the bottom. The preface is also recorded in his anthology named Yangchon Seonsaeng Munjip (陽村先生文集). According to Gwon, the map was based on the following four maps:
the world map named Shengjiao Guangbei Tu (聲教廣被圖) by Li Zemin (李澤民)
the historical map of China named Hunyi Jiangli Tu (混一疆理圖) by
an unnamed map of Korea
an unnamed map of Japan
In the fourth year of the
era (1402), Korean officials named Kim Sa-hyeong (金士衡) and Yi Mu (李茂), and later Yi Hoe (李薈), analyzed the two Chinese maps and combined these two maps into a single map. They though that Li Zemin's map did not properly depict the region east to the Liao River (southern ) and Korea, they added the enlarged Korea, and also appended a map of Japan.
Li Zemin's world map is lost, and little is known about the creator Li Zemin. The Kangnido is a key map for reconstructing Li's world map. Other extant maps considered to be based on Li's map are:
a pair of maps named Dongnan Haiyi Tu (東南海夷圖) and Xinan Haiyi Tu (西南海夷圖), which is recorded in the
(廣與圖)(1555) by
(羅洪先), and
(circa 1389).
There are possible literary references to Li's world map. An important clue is provided by Wu Sidao (烏斯道)'s anthology titled Chuncaozhai Ji (春草齋集), where Wu states that he had merged a map named Guanglun Tu (廣輪圖) and Li Rulin (李汝霖)'s Shengjiao Beihua Tu (聲教被化圖). Although his own map is not known today, Wu seems to have referred to Li's map concerned because the Shengjiao Beihua Tu would be an alias for Shengjiao Guangbei Tu (聲教廣被圖) and Rulin would have been Li Zemin's . Wu states that Li's map was newer than the Guanglun Tu (circa 1360). Based on place names on the map, earlier studies presumed that the source map had been created around 1319 and revised sometime between 1329 and 1338. However, Wu suggests that Li's map was created sometime after 1360. Most importantly, Korea's attempt to merge Chinese maps had at least one precedent in the Mongol era.
As a world map, the Kangnido depicts the general form of the Old World, from Africa and Europe in the west to Japan in the east although the western portion is much smaller than its actual size. It contains the cartographic knowledge of Afro-Eurasia that cannot be found in China in the pre-Mongol period. Place names presented on the map suggest that the western portion of the map reflects roughly the situation of the early 14th century. In the East, geographic information about the West was not updated in the post-Mongol period until Europeans such as
brought Western knowledge.
Place names based on traditional Chinese knowledge and Islamic knowledge coexist separately. Their boundary line can be drawn from
to . Names based on Chinese geography were placed to the north and east of Besh Baliq even if they are actually located to the west. For example, the , a historic site for the , was placed to the northeast of Besh Baliq although its actual direction is northwest. Similarly, India and Tibet are based on traditional Chinese knowledge, mainly gained by
up to the Tang Dynasty. To the west of the "old" India, contemporary place names of India such as Delhi,
and Duwayjir~Duwayqir (Persianized form of ) are shown. This suggests that information was acquired via the .
Details of ,
Western Turkestan, Persia, Arabia, Egypt and Anatolia are quite clearly delineated. These areas are depicted in great detail while place names are sparsely distributed in northwestern Eurasia. They correspond to the territories of Ilkhanate and the rival
respectively, reinforcing Ilkhanate as the main source of information.
There are about 35 African place names. The knowledge of the contour of Africa predates the European explorations of . In particular, the southern tip of Africa is quite clearly depicted, as well as a river which may correspond to the
in . To the north of the African continent, beyond the unexplored "black" central mass, a pagoda is represented for the lighthouse of , and the Arab word "Misr" for
(al-Qāhira) and
(Maqdashaw) are shown among others. The Mediterranean forms a clear shape but is not blackened unlike other sea areas. The Maghreb and the Iberian peninsula are depicted in detail while
are omitted. There are over 100 names for the European countries alone, including "Alumangia" for the Latin word Alemania ().
The Hunyi Jiangli Tu by Zen monk Qingjun () was one of historical maps that were popular among Chinese literati. It showed historical capitals of Chinese dynasties in addition to contemporary place names. For example, it shows the capital of Yao, the legendary sage-emperor.
It followed Chinese tradition in that it was a map of China, not the world. But contrary to
maps which reflected limited Chinese knowledge on geography, it incorporated information on Mongolia and Southeast Asia. It also provided information of sea routes, for example, the sea route from
(There remain traces on the Honmyōji and Tenri copies).
Although Qingjun's map is lost, a modified edition of the map is contained in the Shuidong Riji (水東日記) by the Ming period book collector Ye Sheng (葉盛) () under the name of Guanglun Jiangli Tu (廣輪疆理圖). Ye Sheng also recorded Yan Jie (嚴節)'s colophon to the map (1452). According to Yan Jie, the Guanglun Jiangli Tu was created in 1360. The extant map was modified, probably by Yan Jie, to catch up with contemporary Ming place names. The original map covered place names of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. Also, Yan Jie's map suggests that the western end of Qingjun's map was around .
One may notice that the name of Qingjun's map Hunyi Jiangli Tu (混一疆理圖) bears a striking resemblance to that of the Kangnido, Hunyi Jiangli Lidai Guodu Zhi Tu (混一疆理歷代國都之圖) in Chinese. Actually, it is a combination of phrases common during the Mongol era. There were many preceding Chinese maps with similar titles, including the "Yu Gong Jiuzhou Lidai Diwang Guodu Dili Tu" (禹貢九州歷代帝王國都地理圖; Map of Capitals of Historical Emperors and Kings in the
Although Gwon Geun did not clarify which map was utilized for Korea, it is usually identified as Yi Hoe's Paldodo (八道圖). But the original condition of the Korean portion is unclear because even the oldest Ryūkoku copy reflects the administrative situation as late as around 1470.
Gwon Geun wrote that Li Zemin's map had many gaps and omissions concerning Korea. It is not clear how Korea was depicted on Li's map since Korea is out of the range of the extant derivative (southern half of the original). The modified version of Qingjun's map provides a relatively proper shape of Korea though place names presented there are those of the preceding Goryeo Dynasty.
Note that, according to Gwon Geun, Korea was intentionally oversized (for practical reasons).
The two original Chinese maps portray Japan as a set of three islands that lie from east to west. They would be influenced by the legend of . According to the , Xu Fu claimed that there were three divine mountains in the sea and went to one of the mountain-islands, which were later believed to be Japan.
Japan is shown in better shape on the Ryūkoku copy than on traditional Chinese maps, but is rotated by 90 degrees. This drew attention from scholars and some even associated it with the controversy over the location of . But the other three copies suggest that it is merely exceptional.
Since information on Japan differs considerably among the four copies, the original condition is unreconstructible. The Honkōji copy resembles maps in the
(1471), suggesting that information was regularly updated.
The original source map which Gwon Geun did not cite either is usually identified as the one obtained in Japan supposedly in 1401 by Bak Donji (朴敦之), based on an article of the
(the 10th month of 1438). However, this article is obviously wrong because Bak stayed in Japan from 1397 to 1399 as an envoy to the
of western Japan but could never be there in 1401. Japanese scholar Miya Noriko considers that the date was intentionally altered for political reasons (see below).
This map originated from a historical setting of the , which connected the western Islamic world with the Chinese sphere. The Mongol Empire demonstrated the conquest of the world by publishing treatise on geography and world maps. Their attempt enabled the integration of Islamic science and traditional Chinese knowledge. Note that the Chinese source maps were of "consumer use." In other words, they were not created by the empire for itself. It is presumed that the Mongol government gathered much more detailed information that was not disclosed to the public.
The Chinese source maps were created by and circulated among literati of southern China, especially those in Qingyuan-lu (). Qingjun, who was from neighboring Taizhou, created the historical map of Hunyi Jiangli Tu when he stayed in Qingyuan. Wu Sidao, who left an important bibliographic clue, was also from Qingyuan. In addition, Qingyuan-lu was one of the most important seaports from which the sea routes were extended to Fuzhou and Guangzhou, and Southeast Asia, Japan and Korea.
It is possible that these maps were available in Korea during the Mongol era. Korea, at the time under the
(918-1392), was closely integrated into the Mongol Empire as a "son-in-law" (駙馬) state. One supporting fact is recorded in the : Na Heung-yu (羅興儒) created a historical map based on maps of China and Korea, and dedicated it to King Gongmin (r. ). Note that Gwon Geun served to the king as bichigechi (secretary).
Earlier studies presumed that the two Chinese source maps had been obtained during Kim Sa-hyeong's diplomatic trip to Ming China in 1399 although there is no literary evidence for his acquisition. It is more plausible that these maps came to Korea in different times since Gwon Geun's preface implies that Korean officials picked out the two maps for their excellency from among various sources, maybe including Wu Sidao's combined map.
Japanese scholar Miya Noriko presumes that the year 1402 was a landmark for the reigning King Taejong of the newly founded Joseon Dynasty. After a bloody succession struggle, Taejong ascended to the throne in 1400. In 1401, he was officially recognized as King of Joseon by the Chinese Emperor for the first time in the dynasty's history. In the 6th month of 1402, Yi Hoe's map of Korea was offered in a ceremony to celebrate his birthday. Then the project to combine it with Chinese and Japanese maps reportedly started in the summer (4th-6th months). This would be of symbolic significance in demonstrating royal power. This hypothesis also explains the factual error about the map of Japan. It was during the reigns of Taejo (1st king) and Jeongjong (2nd) that the map was obtained in Japan, but the date was altered to Taejong's reign.
Oddly enough, the
never mentions the map although it was obviously a national project. Another interesting fact is that this map uses the Ming Chinese era name . After the Jianwen Emperor lost to
in a civil war, the new emperor banned the use of the era name Jianwen in the 10th month of 1402. Thus the map should have used the era name Hongwu, not Jianwen. However, the era name Jianwen can be found even on the later Ryūkoku and Honkōji copies. This suggests that the Kangnido was never disclosed to the Chinese.
This map demonstrates the cartographic stagnation in the post-Mongol era. The maps of common use were transformed into a symbol of national prestige and overshadowed by secrecy. As the extant copies show, Korean officials regularly updated the map by conducting land surveys and collecting maps from surrounding countries. Geographic information about the West was, however, not updated until the introduction of European knowledge in the 16-17th centuries.
Kenneth R. Robinson
in Imago Mundi, Vol. 59 No. 2 (June 2007) pp. 177-192, via Ingenta Connect.
Cartography of Korea, pgs. 235-345, Gari Ledyard al., (Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison), The History of Cartography, Volume Two, Book Two, Cartography in Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies, 1994, The University of Chicago Press, J. B. Harley and David Woodward ed., (Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI / Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI), pgs. slip cover, 243-247, .
明代的古地图 (Ming Cartography), Cartography, GEOG, Qiming Zhou et. al., (Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University), Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, retrieved 27 Jan 2013; .
(Miya 2006; Miya 2007)
Angelo Cattaneo , International BIMCC Conference (Nov 2007)
(Miya ,650)
(Aoyama ; Aoyama ; Robinson 2007)
The title of the Honkōji copy is written in
and difficult to read. Some earlier studies read "混一疆理歷代國都地圖." See (Miya ).
(Miya 2007:14)
Unno Kazutaka 海野一隆: Tenri toshokan shozō Daimin koku zu ni tsuite 天理図書館所蔵大明国図について, Memoirs of the Osaka University of the Liberal Arts and Education. A, Humanistic Science, No. 6, pp. 60-67, 1957.
(Takahashi ; Miya )
(Sugiyama 2007:80)
(Sugiyama ,66-67)
(Sugiyama ,67-68)
(Sugiyama )
Peter Jackson, "The Mongols and the West", Pearson Education Limited (2005) , p.330
(Miya 2007:30)
(Miya ,69-70)
(Miya ; Miya )
(Miya 2006)
Morihira Masahiko 森平雅彦: Kōrai ō ika no kisoteki kōsatsu: Daigen urusu no ichi bunken seiryoku to shite no Kōrai ōke 高麗王位下の基礎的考察--大元ウルスの一分権勢力としての高麗王家 (A Fundamental Study of Gao-li Wang Wei-xia: The Kory? Royal House as One Part of Dai-?n Yeke Mong?ol Ulus), Chōsen shi kenkyūkai ronbunshū 朝鮮史研究会論文集, No. 36, pp. 55-87, 1998.
(Miya ,580-583)
Aoyama Sadao 青山定雄: gendai no chizu ni tsuite 元代の地圖について (On the map in the age of the Yüan Dynasty), Tōhō Gakuhō 東方學報, No. 8, pp. 103–152, 1938.
Aoyama Sadao 青山定雄: Ri chō ni okeru ni san no Chōsen zenzu ni tsuite 李朝に於ける二三の朝鮮全圖について, Tōhō Gakuhō 東方學報, No. 9, pp. 143–171, 1939.
Miya Noriko 宮紀子, "Kon'itsu Kyōri Rekidai Kokuto no Zu" he no michi 「混一疆理歴代国都之図」への道, Mongoru jidai no shuppan bunka モンゴル時代の出版文化, pp. 487–651, 2006.
Miya Noriko 宮紀子, Mongoru teikoku ga unda sekaizu モンゴル帝国が生んだ世界図, 2007.
, Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 3.
Sugiyama Masaaki 杉山正明 Tōzai no sekaizu ga kataru jinrui saisho no daichihei 東西の世界図が語る人類最初の大地平, Daichi no shōzō 大地の肖像, pp. 54–83, 2007.
Takahashi Tadasi 高橋正: Tōzen seru chūsei Islāmu sekaizu 東漸せる中世イスラーム世界図, Ryūkoku Daigaku Ronshū 龍谷大学論集, No. 374, pp. 77–95, 1963.
(outdated)
: Hidden categories:A consensus linkage map of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to compare the distribution and variation of QTLs associated with growth traits--《Science China(Life Sciences)》2013年04期
A consensus linkage map of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to compare the distribution and variation of QTLs associated with growth traits
【摘要】：The ability to detect and identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in a single population is often limited. Analyzing multiple populations in QTL analysis improves the power of detecting QTLs and provides a better understanding of their functional allelic variation and distribution. In this study, a consensus map of the common carp was constructed, based on four populations, to compare the distribution and variation of QTLs. The consensus map spans 2371.6 cM across the 42 linkage groups and comprises 257 microsatellites and 421 SNPs, with a mean marker interval of 3.7 cM/marker. Sixty-seven QTLs affecting four growth traits from the four populations were mapped to the consensus map. Only one QTL was common to three populations, and nine QTLs were detected in two populations. However, no QTL was common to all four populations. The results of the QTL comparison suggest that the QTLs are responsible for the phenotypic variability observed for these traits in a broad array of common carp germplasms. The study also reveals the different genetic performances between major and minor genes in different populations.
【作者单位】：
【关键词】：
【基金】：
【分类号】：S917.4【正文快照】：
Over the last 20 years, genetic and genome technologies have promoted significant advances in the molecular study and genetic improvement of aquaculture animals [1,2]. Common carp is the most widely cultivated freshwater fish in the world and is an impor
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支持CAJ、PDF文件格式，仅支持PDF格式
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王宣朋;[D];上海海洋大学;2011年
李文升;[D];上海海洋大学;2011年
吉磊;[D];上海海洋大学;2011年
李艳;[D];上海海洋大学;2011年
陈婷婷;[D];南京农业大学;2010年
于连洋;[D];苏州大学;2011年
李珍;[D];中国农业科学院;2007年
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高国强;常玉梅;匡友谊;梁利群;;[J];水产学报;2010年05期
王宣朋;张晓峰;李文升;张天奇;孙效文;;[J];水产学报;2010年11期
刘继红;张研;常玉梅;梁利群;张晓峰;鲁翠云;徐美佳;孙效文;;[J];广东海洋大学学报;2009年04期
中国博士学位论文全文数据库
王绪祯;[D];中国科学院研究生院（水生生物研究所）;2005年
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