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导读：TemperatedeciduousforestTemperateforestinGermanyjustastheleafcanopyisopeningTemperatedeciduousforestsortemperatebroad-leafforestsaredominatedbytreesthatlosetheirleaveseachyear.They
Temperatedeciduous
TemperateforestinGermanyjustastheleafcanopyisopening
Temperatedeciduousforestsortemperatebroad-leafforestsaredominatedbytreesthatlosetheirleaveseachyear.Theyarefoundinareaswithwarm,moistsummersandmildwinters.[1]ThethreemajorareasofthisforesttypeoccurintheNorthernHemisphere:easternNorthAmerica,EastAsia,[2]andEurope.SmallerareasoccurinAustralasiaandsouthernSouthAmerica.[3]ExamplesoftypicaltreesintheNorthernHemisphere’sdeciduousforestsincludeoak,maple,beech,andelm.Thediver-sityoftreespeciesishigherinregionswherethewin-terismilder,andalsoinmountainousregionsthatpro-videanarrayofsoiltypesandmicroclimates.[4]Oneoftheworld’sgreatprotectedexamplesofthisforesttypeisfoundinGreatSmokyMountainsNationalPark.[5][6]
Bloodroot,likemanyotherspringephemerals,?owersinthespringbeforetheforestcanopyappears
Theprincipalfactoroperatingintheseforestsisthesea-sonalappearanceanddisappearanceofthecanopy.[7]Shadefromthecanopylimitsthegrowthofmanykindsofplants.Manyspeciesthataretypicaloftheseforeststimetheirgrowthand?oweringtotheshortperiodjusthencetheyareknownasspringephemerals.Examplesincludetrilliumsandbloodroot.Mostspringephemeralsareinsect-pollinated,andtheseedsthemselvesareoftentransportedbyants,[8]amodeofdispersalknownasmyrmecochory.Thereareasmallernumberofspeciesabletogrowunderthecanopy,andevenafewthatgrowduringtheperiodwhenleavesarebeinglost.
lightontheforest?oor.[9][10]Afew,suchasIndianpipeandCorallorhizaorchids,haveadaptedtotheshadebyparasitism.Thetreessimilarlyarecontrolledbyshade.Mosttreeseedlingsrequiresmallgapswhentreesfallandmakespaceinordertoregenerate.Afewrequirelargergapssuchasthoseproducedbywindstorms.[11]Gradi-entsofsoilmoisture,soildepth,elevationandaspectcon-trolthedistributionofmanytrees,shrubsandherbaceousspecies.[12]Somerequireunusualconditionssuchassteep
Manyunderstoryplantshaveleafadaptionstocopewithslopes,infertilesoil,anddroughttoescapecompetitionlowlightlevels,andtheneedtoexploitmoving?ecks
offromthemorecommontreespecies.[13]
REFERENCES
ediblespeciesincludingyew,yellowbirchandhemlock.Deergrazingalsohassigni?cantnegativee?ectsonthenumberandkindofherbaceous?oweringplants.[19]Thecontinuingpressuretoincreasedeerpopulations,andthecontinuedkillingoftopcarnivores,suggeststhatover-grazingbydeerwillcontinuetobeasigni?cantforestconservationproblem.Objectivecriteriafortherestora-tionofdeciduousforestincludelargetrees,coarsewoodydebris,springephemeral,andtoppredators.[20]
?Forestsmaintainwater?owinstreams.?Amatureelmtree.
Pileatedwoodpeckersdependupondeadordyingtreesasasourceoffoodandforconstructingtheirnests.
?Youngdeciduousforest.
2Organismsandtheiradaptations
?Temperatebroadleafandmixedforest?InternationalYearofForests?Old-growthforest
Manymigratorybirdstimetheirarrivaltocoincidewiththeopeningofthecanopy,whichprovidestheinsectsthataretheirprincipalfoodsourcesforraisingyoung.ThespringwarblersofNorthAmerisee,forexample,theblack-throatedbluewarbler.Owingtotheavailabilityofwoodfromstandingandfallentrees,woodpeckersarefrequentlyfound.Thepileatedwood-peckerisatypicallargespecies.Fallenwood,knownascoarsewoodydebris,providesshelterformanykindsofamphibians,particularlysalamanders.Manywell-knownanimalsliafewexamplesin-cludesquirrels,whichareanimportantcanopyspecies,andbears,whichhibernateinthewinter.Thetoppreda-torsindeciduousforestwereoncewolvesandcougars,alongwithspeciesofweasellikethe?sher.
6References
[1]Archibold,O.W.1995.EcologyofWorldVegetation,
London:ChapmanandHall.[2]Wen,J.1999.EvolutionofeasternAsianandeastern
NorthAmericandisjunctdistributionsin?oweringplants.AnnualReviewofEcologyandSystematics30:421-455[3]Archibold,O.W.1995.EcologyofWorldVegetation.
London:ChapmanandHall.Figure6.1[4]Keddy,P.A.2007,PlantsandVegetation:Origins,Pro-cesses,Consequences,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cam-bridge,UK.
3Humane?ects
Humanshaveoftencolonizedareasinthetemperatede-[5]Braun,E.L.1950,DeciduousForestsofEasternNorth
America,NewYork:Hafnerciduousforest.Theyhaveharvestedwoodfortimber
andcharcoal.[14]DuringthesettlementofNorthAmer-[6]Whittaker,R.H.1956.VegetationoftheGreatSmokyica,potashmadefromtreeasheswereexportedbacktoMountains.EcologicalMonographs26:1C79.Europeasfertilizer.Asaresult,lessthanonequarter
oforiginalforestsremain.Manyforestsarenowsmall[7]Braun,E.L.1950.DeciduousForestsofEasternNorth
America.NewYork:Hafner.fragmentsdissectedby?theseislandsof
greenoftendi?ersubstantiallyfromtheoriginalforests,[8]Keddy,P.A.2007.PlantsandVegetation:Origins,particularlyalongtheedges.[15][16]TheintroductionofProcesses,Consequences.CambridgeUniversityPress,exoticdiseasescontinuestobeathreattoforesttrees,Cambridge,UK.
examplesincludethelos
chestnutandelm.Atthesametime,specieslikedeer,[9]Archibold,O.W.1995.EcologyofWorldVegetation.
London:ChapmanandHall.p.185-189.
whichareclearingratherthantrueforestanimals,have
expandedtheirrangeandproliferatedinthesealtered[10]Larcher,W.1995.PhysiologicalPlantEcology:Eco-landscapes.[18]LargedeerpopulationshavedeleteriousphysiologyandStressPhysiologyofFunctionalGroups.e?ectsontreeregenerationoverall,butparticularlyfor3rdedn.NewYork:Springer-Verlag.
[11]Keddy,P.A.2007.PlantsandVegetation:Origins,
Processes,Consequences.CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,UK.[12]Whittaker,R.H.1956.VegetationoftheGreatSmoky
Mountains.EcologicalMonographs26:1C79.[13]Keddy,P.A.andP.MacLellan.1990.Centrifugalorga-nizationinforests.Oikos58:75-84.[14]Hughes,J.D.1982.Deforestation,erosion,andforest
managementinancientGreeceandRome.JournalofFor-estHistory26:60C75.[15]Wilcove,D.S.,C.H.McLellan,andA.P.Dobson.1986.
Habitatfragmentationinthetemperatezone.pp.237C256.InM.E.Soul′e(ed.)ConservationB;theScienceofScarcityandDiversity.Sunderland:SinauerAssociates.[16]Harris,L.D.1984.TheFragmentedForest:IslandBio-geographyTheoryandthePreservationofBioticDiver-sity.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.[17]Little,C.E.1995.TheDyingoftheTrees:ThePandemic
inAmerica’sForests.NewYork:PenguinBooks.[18]Latham,R.E.,J.Beyea,M.Benner,C.A.Dunn,M.
A.Fajvan,R.R.Freed,M.Grund,S.B.Horsley,A.F.Rhoads,andB.P.Shissler.2005.ManagingWhite-tailedDeerinForestHabitatfromanEcosystemPerspective:PennsylvaniaCaseStudy.Harrisburg:AudubonPennsyl-vaniaandPennsylvaniaHabitatAlliance.[19]Latham,R.E.,J.Beyea,M.Benner,C.A.Dunn,M.
A.Fajvan,R.R.Freed,M.Grund,S.B.Horsley,A.F.Rhoads,andB.P.Shissler.2005.ManagingWhite-tailedDeerinForestHabitatfromanEcosystemPerspective:PennsylvaniaCaseStudy.Harrisburg:AudubonPennsyl-vaniaandPennsylvaniaHabitatAlliance.[20]Keddy,P.A.andC.G.Drummond.1996.Ecological
propertiesfortheevaluation,management,andrestora-tionoftemperatedeciduousforestecosystems.Ecologi-calApplications6:748C762.
7Externallinks
?Amapofbiomedistribution(TemperateDeciduousForestisindarkgreen)
48TEXTANDIMAGESOURCES,CONTRIBUTORS,ANDLICENSES
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What's A Temperate Deciduous
Forest Like?
of the most interesting features of the temperate deciduous forest is its
The word "deciduous" means exactly what the leaves on
these trees do: change color in autumn, fall off in the winter, and grow
back again in the spring. This adaptation helps trees in the forest survive
you look at the graph to the left, you'll see that next to the rainforest,
the temperate deciduous gets the second-most amount of rainfall per year.
In the winter, precipitation (rainfall) is in the form of sleet, snow,
and hail. The average rainfall is 30 to 60 inches per year.& The average
temperature of the forest is about 50 degrees Fahrenheit.
How do deciduous trees and plants
survive the changing seasons?
Like all living things, deciduous trees and plants have
special adaptations to stay alive.
Summer is a busy time for deciduous trees.& Their
broad leaves capture energy from the sun and convert it to food by photosynthesis.&
Some of the food is used for growth and some is stored in the roots for
next spring.&&
During the shorter days and cooler weather of autumn,
green chlorophyll in the leaves begins to decompose, revealing brilliant
oranges, yellows, and reds. Actually, these colors were present in
the leaves all year long, but had been hidden by the green pigment of the
chlorophyll.&&
To prepare for winter, deciduous trees and plants become
dormant. They lose their leaves and seal the places where leaves
were attached with a protective covering called a leaf scar. If they
kept their leaves, the water in the leaves would freeze into ice, damaging
the leaves and leaving the plant vulnerable to bacteria or fungi. Plants also make a concentrated sugar solution to stop water from freezing in their stems.&&
The longer days and warmer weather of spring signal to
the trees to grow new leaves and begin photosynthesis again.&
Copyright & 2002 Missouri
Botanical Garden