阅读下面短文,
并回答问题。（每小题2分）
　　&&
This is really a very fast game, the fastest I have seen so far this year. Both
sides are fighting for the ball all the time. The crowd love every minute of
it. They are shouting at the top of their voices.
　　
Willis has the ball now. This is only his third game for Scotland, but
he
&&&&&&&&&&&that it won’t
be his last, I’m quite sure.
　　&&
Willis passes the ball to Cotton. Cotton kicks it over the heads of the waiting
Frenchmen, towards the goalmouth. But he’s too far away, Dupond picks it up
easily, and throws it to Patou, out on the left.
　　&&
France and Scotland still have one goal each, and there are only two minutes
left of the game. But during that time, anything can happen. Patou kicks the
ball across to Crozat. It’s a beautiful kick, but Steven jumps and just stops
the ball with the side of his head. But Meunier is there, he passes to Crozat,
and Crozat, without waiting a second, puts the ball into the back of the goal.
It takes everybody by surprise. I’ve never seen a goal like it.
71. Why does the crowd enjoy every minute
of the game?
_______________________________________________________________________________
72. Why cannot Cotton kick the ball into
the goalmouth?
_______________________________________________________________________________
73. Who are in the same team with Crozat?
_______________________________________________________________________________
74. Please fill in the blank in the second
paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence. (Please answer
within 5 words.)
_______________________________________________________________________________
75. Translate the underlined sentence in
the last paragraph.
_______________________________________________________________________________
The Musical Heart
　　This is the story of a small boy, who lived a long time ago in Germany . His name was George Frederick Handle .
　　As a very young boy, he loved music most. But his father didn't allow him to play any music.
　　Then one day he waited until he was all alone at home. Quickly he ran to his hiding place, he and a friend carried a small piano into the house. He decided to put it in his hiding place. There no one could see it.
　　That night, when everyone else wag asleep, he went to his hiding place. The moon was shining through a broken window. He sat on a box and began to play the piano. At that moment he knew he could only be happy playing music the rest of his life.
　　He played on and on, and he filled his house with his music. “George!” cried his father, “What are you doing? Stop that playing now! ”
　　The music stopped. George had tears in his eyes. Then he turned to his father and said, “Papa, you must understand I love music. It is my whole life.”
　　“Now listen to me, you foolish boy,” said Mr. Handle, “I want you to be a rich man. I want you to work hard. 1 don't want you to be a poor man all your life. You must leave music and become a doctor. Don't let me see you at the piano again.”
　　One day George found his way to church. He went straight to the organ(管风琴)and began to play it . He was only seven years old then. The story of his music spread in his town.
　　When the Duke heard the story, he said, “This boy must have the best music teacher. ” So George began to take music lessons.
　　George's teacher was very good. He taught George well and helped him write his own music. George became famous when he was eleven years old. Now his music is played all over the world.
1．Why didn't George listen to his father?
A．He deeply loved music .
B．He didn't think his father was right.
C．He didn't want to go to school.
D．Music could make him rich.
2．What did George's father want him to be?
A．A businessman.
B．A teacher.
C．A doctor.
D．A musician.
3．“Duke” is probably ________.
A．a doctor
B．a nobleman
C．a good music teacher
D．a shop manager
4．The title “The Musical Heart” means ________.
A．George began to play the piano when he was very young.
B．George played the piano pretty well .
C．George was a good music teacher.
D．George regarded music as his life and put his heart into it.
Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable jobs. Personal advisors give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive（主管的） circle, beauty can become a liability.
　　While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to a woman.
　　Handsome male executives were considered having more hone effort and ability were thought to lead to their success.
　　Attractive female executives were considered to have less honesty th their success was connected not with ability but with factors such as luck.
　　All unattractive women executives were thought to have more honesty and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was connected more to personal relationships and less to ability than that of the attractive overnight successes.
　　Why are attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman is considered to be more feminine has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally manly position appears to lack the &manly&qualifies required.
　　This is true even in politics, &When the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men and women differently, & says Anne Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates（候选人）. She asked 125 undergraduate students to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attractiveness. The students were told the photographs were of candidates for political offices. They were asked to rank them again, in the order they would vote for them.
　　The results showed that attractive males completely defeated unattractive men, but the women who had ranked most attractive unchangeably received the fewest votes.
　　The word &liability& most probably means ________.
　　A. disadvantage　B. advantage　　　C. misfortune　　 D. trouble
　Bowman's experiment shows that when it comes to politics, attractiveness________
　　A. turns out to　be a disadvantage to men
　　B. is more of a disadvantage than an advantage to women
　　C. has as little effect on men as on women
　　D. affects men and women alike
　　It can be inferred from the passage that people's views on beauty are often________.
　　A. practical　　　B. supportive　　 C. old - fashioned　D. one - sided
　　The author writes this passage to ________.
　　A. give advice to job - seekers who are attractive
　　B. discuss the disadvantages of being attractive
　　C. demand equal rights for women
　　D. state the importance of appearance
Fish Ears Tell Fish Tales 　 Fish have ears. Really. They’re quite small and have no opening to the outside world carrying sound through the body. For the past seven years, Simon Thorrold, a university professor, has been examining fish ears, small round ear bones called otoliths (耳石). 　 As fish grow, so do their otoliths. Each day, their otoliths gain a ring of calcium carbonate (碳酸钙). By looking through a microscope and counting these rings, Thorrold can determine the exact age of a young fish. As a fish gets older, its otoliths no longer get daily rings. Instead, they get yearly rings, which can also be counted, giving information about the fish’s age, just like the growth rings of a tree. 　 Ring counting is nothing new to fish scientists. But Thorrold has turned to a new direction. They’re examining the chemical elements (元素) of each otolith ring. 　 The daily ring gives us the time, but chemistry tells us about the environment in which the fish swam on any given day. These elements tell us about the chemistry of the water that the fish was in. It also says something about water temperature, which determines how much of these elements will gather within each otolith ring.　 Thorrold can tell, for example, if a fish spent time in the open ocean before entering the less salty water of coastal areas. He can basically tell where fish are spending their time at any given stage of history.　 In the case of the Atlantic croaker, a popular saltwater food fish, Thorrold and his assistant have successfully followed the travelling of young fish from mid-ocean to the coast, a journey of many hundreds of miles.　 This is important to managers in the fish industry, who know nearly nothing about the whereabouts of the young fish for most food fish in the ocean. Eager to learn about his technology, fish scientists are now lending Thorrold their ears. 【小题1】What can we learn about fish ears from the text? A．They are small soft rings.B．They are not seen from the outside. C．They are openings only on food fish. D．They are not used to receive sound.【小题2】Why does the writer compare the fish to trees?A．Trees gain a growth ring each day. B．Trees also have otoliths. C．Their growth rings are very small. D．They both have growth rings.【小题3】Why is it important to study the chemistry of otolith rings? A．The elements of the otoliths can tell the history of the sea.B．Chemical contents of otoliths can tell how fast fish can swim. C．We can know more about fish and their living environment. D．Scientists can know exactly how old a fish is.【小题4】How would you understand “fish scientists are now lending their ears”? A．They are very interested in Thorrold’s research findings. B．They want to know where they can find fish. C．They lend their fish for chemical studies. D．They wonder if Thorrold can find growth rings from their ears.
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扫描下载二维码What is Ethos? A Definition for Speakers
Comments: 5Blog links: 8Article Category: SpeechwritingWhat is Ethos andWhy is it Critical for Speakers?by Andrew Dlugan Is your audience listening even before you speak your first words?Do they have high expectations?Are they prepared to be convinced by what you have to say?If not, you are suffering from poor ethos.The first article in the Ethos, Pathos, and Logos series introduced these core concepts for speakers.In this article, we define ethos, we look at ways that an audience measures your ethos, and we examine why it is so critical for a successful speech.What is Ethos?Ethos was originally defined by Aristotle in On Rhetoric as being trustworthy. He stated that we are more likely to believe people who have good character.Aristotle later broadened this definition of ethos to add that we are more likely to be persuaded by someone who is similar to us, whether by their intrinsic characteristics (e.g. physical age) or the qualities they adapt (e.g. youthful language).Aristotle does not include the concept of either a speaker’s authority (e.g. a government leader) or reputation (e.g. an industry expert) in his definition of ethos, but this reflects the rather narrow role for public speaking in his world. In our world, where speaking takes so many forms and where we often know a great deal about the speaker, we will include both of these elements in our definition of ethos.Three Pillars of Public SpeakingEthos, Pathos, Logos - IntroductionEthos - Speaker CredibilityWhat is Ethos?How to Establish EthosPathos - Emotional ConnectionWhat is Pathos?How to Develop PathosLogos - Logical ArgumentWhat is Logos?How to Convey LogosSo, then, we will measure the ethos of a speaker by four related characteristics:Trustworthiness (as perceived by the audience)Similarity (to the audience)Authority (relative to the audience)Reputation or Expertise (relative to the topic)We will explore each of these characteristics below. In a later article, we look at specific things you can do to improve your ethos as defined by these root characteristics.1. Ethos = TrustworthinessAn audience is more likely to be persuaded by someone who they trust, and this is largely independent of the topic being presented. If the audience trusts you, then they expect that what you are telling them is true.If the audience trusts you, then they expect that what you are telling them is true.Your trustworthiness is enhanced if the audience believes you have a strong moral character, as measured by concepts like:Honest,Ethical or moral,Generous, orBenevolentAdditionally, your audience tends to trust you if you are a member of a group with which these qualities are often associated (e.g. a firefighter).2. Ethos = Similarity to the AudienceYour audience is more receptive to being persuaded by someone with whom they can identify. Like trustworthiness, this aspect of ethos is largely independent of the topic.If you share characteristics with your audience, great!If you don’t, you can adapt your language, your mannerisms, your dress, your visuals, and your overall style to match your audience. Consider this the chameleon effect. Keep in mind that there are limitations to how much you can adapt your speech and delivery. Beyond this limit, your audience will see you as lacking authenticity and that’s bad.If you are similar to your audience, then your audience will be more receptive to your ideas in the same way that you are more likely to open a door at night if you recognize the voice of the person on the other side.There are many characteristics which you might share with your audience: Age, Gender, Race, Culture Example: A youthful audience identifies with a youthful speaker, just as a mature audience will identify more with a mature speaker.Socio-economic status Rich? Poor? Educated? Middle-class? Urban? Rural?Citizenship Where you are from, whether in a global sense (what country are you from?), or in a local sense (are you urban, or rural?)Career or Affiliation Do you share a profession with your audience? Are you a member of the same organization as your audience?Personality Analytical? Emotional? Reserved? Outgoing?If you are similar to your audience, then your audience will be more receptive to your ideas in the same way that you are more likely to open a door at night if you recognize the voice of the person on the other side.3. Ethos = AuthorityThe greater a person’s authority, whether formal (e.g. an elected official) or moral (e.g. the Dalai Lama), the more likely an audience is inclined to listen and be persuaded.Authority comes from the relationship between the speaker and the audience and is, in most cases, fairly easy to recognize. Several types of authority include:Organizational authority e.g. CEO, manager, supervisorPolitical authority e.g. president, political leaderReligious authority e.g. priest, pastor, nunEducational authority e.g. principal, teacher, professorElder authority e.g. anyone who is older than usIn addition to these, every speaker has authority just from being the speaker. When you speak, you are the one at the front of the room, often on an elevated platform, sometimes with a microphone or spotlight. You control the moment and thus, have temporary authority.4. Ethos = Reputation (or Expertise)Expertise is what you know about your topic.Reputation is what your audience knows about what you know about your topic.Your ethos is influenced by your reputation. Of the four characteristics of ethos, reputation is the one most connected to the topic of your presentation.Expertise is what you know about your topic. Reputation is what your audience knows about what you know about your topic.Your reputation is determined by several related factors:Your experience in the field How many years have you worked with or studied this topic?Your proximity to the topic or concept Are you the one who invented the concept? Were you involved at all? Or are you more of a third-party?Your production in the field Books or academic papers written. Blogs authored. Commercial products developed.Your demonstrated skill If you are talking about money management, are you a successful money manager?Your achievements, or recognition from others in the field Awards won. Testimonials earned. Records achieved. Milestones reached.How do these characteristics combine?Ethos cannot be assessed with a checkbox (“yes, you have ethos” or “no, you don’t.”) like you can with, say, pregnancy. It’s more like beauty in the sense that there’s a whole range of beauty and many ways to obtain it. (And, it’s in the eye of the beholder… your audience!)This is easy to see if you examine how the four characteristics of ethos combine in various ways. Consider the following examples:A CEO speaking to her employees As the CEO, she has organizational authority, and this is usually accompanied by a reputation built on years of success within the company. However, she may not be very similar to most of the employees ( perhaps more reserved and analytical). Nonetheless, her trustworthiness is solid based on past history of honest communication with employees.The U.S. President giving the State of the Union address The President has more authority than most people on the planet based on his job title.
His reputation and trustworthiness probably depend a fair bit on your political beliefs. As for similarity to his audience, it’s a mixed bag — He’s American, and he’s not too old nor too young. But, he’s a politician and in a socio-economic class which puts him apart from most citizens.A Teacher speaking to his students He probably has a record of trustworthiness, as long as he truthfully announces when assignments are due and exams are scheduled.
He has authority over the 16-year-olds, both by way of position and by age. He has taught in the school for 10 years (expertise), including many of his students&#8217; older siblings (reputation). Unfortunately, he&#8217;s not really similar to his students in terms of age, wealth, career, or choice of music.All of them have significant ethos as they score high on several measures. In particular, authority and reputation often are closely related. (The things you did to earn the reputation often earn authority as well.)On the other hand, none have perfect ethos. Indeed, this is very hard to obtain as some measures conflict. For example, your authority relative to your audience often weakens your similarity with them.Why is Ethos Critical for Speakers?If you have high ethos, your audience is listening and attentive from your first word.If you have high ethos, your audience is listening and attentive from your first word. They expect that you have something valuable to say, and they are eager to hear it. They are likely to be persuaded by you, provided that your speech is compelling. A bad speech will still sink you, but you&#8217;ll have more leeway.If you have low ethos, your audience may not be listening or paying attention. (In fact, they may not even show up! Poor ethos doesn&#8217;t attract a crowd.) Expectations are low, and a poor opening will kill you. Your audience can be persuaded, but your speech needs to be much better to do it.How do you Establish Ethos?Three Pillars of Public SpeakingEthos, Pathos, Logos - IntroductionEthos - Speaker CredibilityWhat is Ethos?How to Establish EthosPathos - Emotional ConnectionWhat is Pathos?How to Develop PathosLogos - Logical ArgumentWhat is Logos?How to Convey LogosUnlike pathos and logos (about which we will learn in future articles), your ethos as a speaker is primarily established before you speak your first words. For example, either you have expertise about your topic, or you don&#8217;t. Either you are the CEO of the company, or you aren&#8217;t.Having said that, there are many ways to establish ethos and to boost your ethos throughout your speech. We examine this in the next article of the series: 15 Tactics to Establish Ethos: Examples for Persuasive Speaking.Please share this...This is one of many public speaking articles featured on Six Minutes. Subscribe to Six Minutes for free to receive future articles. Andrew Dlugan &is the editor and founder of Six Minutes. He teaches courses, leads seminars, coaches speakers, and strives to avoid Suicide by PowerPoint. He is an award-winning public speaker and speech evaluator. Andrew is a father and husband who resides in British Columbia, Canada.Google+: Andrew DluganTwitter: @6minutes Image credit: Temple of Castor and Pollux by Brian Jeffery Beggerly (CC BY 2.0)Add a CommentSubscribe - It's Free!Subscribe via EmailSubscribe via RSS<img
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Similar Articles You May Like...Ethos, Pathos, Logos: 3 Pillars of Public Speaking15 Tactics to Establish Ethos: Examples for Persuasive SpeakingSpeech Critique: Dan Pink (TED 2009)How to Use Quotes in Your Speech: 8 Benefits and 21 TipsBook Review: Thank You For Arguing (Jay Heinrichs)Presentation Power: Four Ways to PersuadeFind More Articles Tagged:I was looking at Steve Jobs and his presentation of the new iPad, while thinking &#8216;why are so many people in awe of him&#8217;. Now it I know that it is probably because he has very high &#8216;ethos&#8217; on the subject of innovative new product launches.Good article!
Recent TweetsRT @6minutes What is Ethos and Why is it Critical for Speakers? http://bit.ly/bkluAI& Lee Jackson Feb 2nd, 2010RT @6minutes: What is Ethos and Why is it Critical for Speakers? http://bit.ly/bkluAI (New on Six Minutes)& Kathy Reiffenstein Feb 2nd, 2010RT @MrR0g3rs: Anyone have a good resource 2 explain ethos, pathos, logos 2 9th grders? http://bit.ly/9q77qJ by @6minutes [thru @russgoerend]& Mike Sansone Apr 14th, 2010http://t.co/skE9jcyi see what&#39;s representative when speaking of communication in today&#39;s working world #ethos #culture #e20 #modernleader& Ralph Jun 4th, 2012What is Ethos and Why is it Critical for Speakers? http://t.co/kkNbR47P via @6minutes& Ola Olusoga Sep 8th, 2012What is Ethos and Why is it Critical for Speakers? http://t.co/kQXPTc9u via @6minutes #speaking& Sarah Denholm Oct 5th, 2012RT @karin_sebelin: What is Ethos and Why is it Critical for Speakers? http://t.co/JDN6TIyCl1 via @6minutes& @WaterWayRealty Mar 11th, 2014What is Ethos and Why is it Critical for Speakers? http://t.co/JDN6TIyCl1 via @6minutes& @karin_sebelin Mar 11th, 2014RT @karin_sebelin: What is Ethos and Why is it Critical for Speakers? http://t.co/JDN6TIyCl1 via @6minutes& @fazalshariff Mar 11th, 2014What is #Ethos and Why is it Critical for Speakers? http://t.co/ke0PktoFIK via @6minutes #leadership& @karinsebelin Sep 9th, 2014 8 Blog Links