Strings, and the cstring library
Characters, Strings, and the cstring library
Recall that a C-style string is a character array that ends with
the null character
Character literals in single quotes
'a', '\n', '$'
string literals in double quotes
"Hello World\n"
Remember that the null-character is implicitly a part of any string
The name of an array acts as a pointer to the first element of an
array (i.e. it stores the address of where the array starts)
Recall that this means when an array is passed into a function, the
function has access to the original array contents
Recap: the cctype library
Recall that this C library contains useful character testing functions, as
well as the two conversion functions toupper and tolower
Conversion functions: These return the ascii value of a
int toupper(int c) - returns the uppercase version of
c if it's a lowercase letter, otherwise returns c
int tolower(int c) - returns the lowercase version of
c if it's an uppercase letter, otherwise returns c
Query Functions: These all return true (non-zero) or false (0),
in answer to the question posed by the function's name.
They all take in
the ascii value of a character as a parameter.
int isdigit(int c) - decides whether the parameter is a
digit (0-9)
int isalpha(int c) - decides whether the character is a
letter (a-z, A-Z)
int isalnum(int c) - digit or a letter?
int islower(int c) - lowercase digit? (a-z)
int isupper(int c) - uppercase digit? (A-Z)
int isxdigit(int c) - hex digit character? (0-9, a-f)
int isspace(int c) - white space character?
int iscntrl(int c) - control character?
int ispunct(int c) - printing character other than space,
letter, digit?
int isprint(int c) - printing character (including ' ')?
int isgraph(int c) - printing character other than ' '
String I/O:
Recall that in the special case of arrays of type char, which
are used to implement c-style strings, we can use these special cases with
the insertion and extraction operators:
char greeting[20] = "Hello, World";
// reads a string into the array 'lastname'
adds the null character automatically
Also remember the following:
Using a char array with the insertion operator
&& will print the contents of the character array, up
to the first null character encountered
The extraction operator >> used with a char array
will read in a string, and will stop at white space.
These examples only apply to the special case of the
character array.
Clearly, the above cin example is only good for reading one
word at a time.
What if we want to read in a whole sentence into a
Well, there are some other library functions worth knowing
Reading strings:
get and getline
There are two more member functions in class istream (in the
iostream library), for reading and storing C-style strings into
arrays of type char.
Here are the prototypes:
char* get(char str[], int length, char delimiter = '\n');
char* getline(char str[], int length, char delimiter = '\n');
Note that this get function is different than the two
versions of get we've already seen, which were for reading
single characters from an input stream:
ch = cin.get();
// extracts one character, returns it
cin.get(ch);
// extracts one character, stores in ch
The functions get and getline (with the three
parameters) will read and store a c-style string.
The parameters:
First parameter (str) is the char array where the
data will be stored.
Note that this is an array passed into a
function, so the function has access to modify the original array
Second parameter (length) should always be the size of the
array -- i.e. how much storage available.
Third parameter (delimiter) is an optional parameter, with
the newline as the default.
This is the character at which to stop
Both of these functions will extract characters from the input stream,
but they don't stop at any white space -- they stop at the specified
delimiter.
They also automatically append the null character, which must
(as always) fit into the size of the array.
Sample calls:
char buffer[80];
// reads one word into buffer
cin.get(buffer, 80, ','); // reads up to the first comma, stores in buffer
cin.getline(buffer, 80); // reads an entire line (up to newline)
So what is the difference between get and getline?
get will leave the delimiter character on the input stream,
and it will be seen by the next input statement
getline will extract and discard the delimiter
char greeting[15], name[10], other[20];
cin.getline(greeting,15);
// gets input into the greeting array
cin.get(name,10,'.');
// gets input into the name array
cin.getline(other,20);
// gets input into the other array
Suppose that the data on the input stream (i.e. typed onto the
keyboard, for instance) is:
Hello, World
Joe Smith.
He says hello.
At this point, the contents of each string are:
"Hello, World"
"Joe Smith"
He says hello."
The standard C string library:
The standard string library in C is called cstring. To
use it, we place the appropriate #include statement in a code file:
#include &cstring&
This string library contains many useful string manipulation functions.
These are all for use with C-style strings. A few of the more commonly
used ones are mentioned here. (The textbook contains more detail in chapter 10)
takes one string argument, returns its length (not counting the null
character)
Prototype:
int strlen(const char str[]);
Sample calls:
char phrase[30] = "Hello, World";
cout << strlen("Greetings, Earthling!"); // prints 21
int length =
strlen(phrase);
// stores 12
Takes two string arguments, copies the contents of the second string
into the first string.
The first parameter is non-constant, the second
is constant
Prototype:
char* strcpy(char str1[], const char str2[]);
// copies str2 into str 1
Sample calls:
char buffer[80], firstname[30], lastname[30] = "Smith";
strcpy(firstname, "Billy Joe Bob"); // copies name into firstname array
strcpy(buffer, lastname);
// copies "Smith" into buffer array
// prints "Billy Joe Bob"
// prints "Smith"
Takes two string arguments (first non-constant, second is const), and
concatenates the second one onto the first
Prototype:
char* strcat(char str1[], const char str2[]);
// concatenates str2 onto the end of str1
Sample calls:
char buffer[80] = "Dog";
char word[] = "food";
strcat(buffer, word);
// buffer is now "Dogfood"
strcat(buffer, " breath"); // buffer is now "Dogfood breath"
Takes two string arguments (both passed as const arrays), and returns
an integer that indicates their lexicographic order
Prototype:
int strcmp(const char str1[], const char str2[]);
// returns:
a negative number, if str1 comes before str2
a positive number, if str2 comes before str1
, if they are equal
Lexicographic order is by ascii codes.
It's NOT the same
as alphabetic order.
Sample calls:
char word1[30] = "apple";
char word2[30] = "apply";
if (strcmp(word1, word2) != 0)
cout && "The words are different\n";
strcmp(word1, word2)
// returns a negative, means word1 comes first
strcmp(word1, "apple") // returns a 0.
strings are the same
strcmp("apple", "Zebra") // returns a positive.
"Zebra" comes first!
(all uppercase before lowercase in ascii)
Note that the above calls rely on the null character as the terminator
of C-style strings.
Remember, there is no built-in bounds checking in
strncpy, strncat,
strncmp - these do the same as
the three listed above, but they take one extra argument (an integer N),
and they go up to the null character or up to N characters, whichever is
char buffer[80];
char word[11] = "applesauce";
char bigword[] = "antidisestablishmentarianism";
strncpy(buffer, word, 5);
// buffer now stores "apple"
strncat(buffer, " piecemeal", 4); // buffer now stores "apple pie"
strncmp(buffer, "apple", 5);
// returns 0, as first 5 characters
of the strings are equal
strncpy(word, bigword, 10);
// word is now "antidisest"
word only had 11 slots!
These functions can be used to help do safer string operations. The extra
parameter can be included to guarantee that array boundaries are not
exceeded, as seen in the last strncpy example江苏省启东中学学年高一上学期期中考试英语试题_百度文库
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南京市、盐城市 2015届高三年级第一次模拟考试英 语 试 题本试卷分选择题和非选择题两部分。共120分。考试用时120分钟。注意事项：答题前，考生务必将自己的学校、姓名、考试号写在答题卡指定区域内。考试结束后，将答题卡交回。第一部分 听力（共两节，满分20分）第一节 （共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。1. What does the woman mean?&A. She must go home now.&B. She can stay a little longer.&C. Her parents expect a lot of her.2. What does the woman think of the party?&A. It’s successful.&&&B. It’s not good.&&&C. It’s too noisy.3. What time is it now?&A. 8:00.&&&&&B. 8:30.&&&&&C. 9:00.4. How does the woman feel when she meets with the man?&A. Sad.&&&&&B. Embarrassed.&&&C. Unbelievable.5. Who will pay for the dinner?&A. The man.&&&&B. The woman.&&&C. They will go Dutch.第二节 （共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听第6段材料，回答第6至8题。6. What is the relationship between the speakers?&A. Teacher and student.&&B. Boss and clerk.&&&C. Interviewer and interviewee.7. Who does the man want?&A. A waitress.&&&&B. A secretary.&&&&C. A director.8. What can we learn about the woman?&A. She is studying in a university now.&B. She has no working experience.&C. She will get the job at last.
听第7段材料，回答第9至11题。9. Where are the speakers?&A. In a restaurant.&&&B. In a hotel. &&&&C. In a bank.10. How much should the man pay?&A.￥206.&&&&&B.￥216.&&&&&C.￥260.11. How would the man like to pay?&A. By cash.&&&&B. By credit card.&&&C. By cheque.听第8段材料，回答第12至14题。12. Where did Steve come back from last week?&A. From America.&&&B. From China.&&&C. From Japan.13. What can we learn from the conversation?&A. The woman will visit Steve with the man.&B. The woman should wear a formal dress.&C. The man wants to buy a bunch of roses.14. How will they deal with their kids?&A. Ask the neighbor to look after them.&B. Take the kids with them.&C. Leave the kids alone at home.听第9段材料，回答第15至17题。15. Who is the man talking to?&A. A teacher.&&&&B. A student.&&&&C. A librarian.16. What does the woman advise the man to do?&A. Limit his search.&&&B. Use a typewriter.&&&C. Try a broader topic.17. What articles can be found in the “Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature”?&A. News articles.&&&B. Magazine articles.&&C. Newspaper articles.听第10段材料，回答第18至20题。18. Why did the little boy open the window?&A. To feed an elephant.&&B. To take some photos.&&C. To enjoy the scenery outside.19. What does Nelson do?&A. He is a guard.&&&B. He is a policeman.&&C. He is a doctor.20. What will happen at last?&A. Nelson will be punished.&&B. Nelson will be forgiven.&&C. Nelson will be given a glass of beer.第二部分 英语知识运用（共两节，满分35分）第一节 单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）请认真阅读下面各题，从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。21. The scientist does not study nature ________ it is useful to do so. He studies it because he takes pleasure in it.&A. until&&&&B. though&&&&C. because&&&D. unless22. ― Mom! Jack has broken a cup!&& ― Doesn’t matter. Accidents ________ happen.&A. should&&&&B. must&&&&C. will&&&&D. shall23. Home is ________ somebody notices when you are no longer there.& A. that&&&&B. when&&&&C. how&&&&D. where 24. ― Could you please explain the assignment for Monday, Miss Smith?&& ― Certainly. Read the next chapter and come to class ________ to discuss what you’ve read.&&A. preparing&&&B. prepared&&&C. to prepare&&&D. to be prepared25. They eat only plant foods, and take care to ________ animal products from other areas of their lives.&A. contain&&&B. maintain&&&C. exclude&&&D. include26. ― Did you stay at the party until the very end last night?&& ― No, I left as early as was ________ with politeness. A. content&&&B. consistent&&&C. patient&&&&D. permanent27. Believe it or not, your ship isn’t quite sunk, as there are some ways to ________ a new career even if it’s something you’ve never done before.&A. burst into&&&B. get through &&C. break into&&&D. comb through28. Maury Brown of Forbes reports that Major League Baseball’s annual ________ for 2014 will top $9 billion.&A. allowances&&&B. revenues&&&C. rates&&&&D. accounts29. ― Alan seems a lot taller than when I last saw him.&& ― He ________. He’s grown a foot since you saw him in Shanghai.&&A. is&&&&&B. will be&&&&C. has been&&&D. was30. Personal space is the region surrounding a person ________ they regard as psychologically theirs.&A. who&&&&B. where&&&&C. when&&&&D. which31. On two occasions he was accused of stealing money from the company, but in neither case ______ any evidence to support the claims.&A. was there&&&B. there was&&&C. had there been&&D. there had been32. A great deal of hotel business comes from people travelling not just for holidays but by people travelling ________ their business activities.&A. in harmony with &B. in conflict with&&C. by order of &&D. by virtue of33. You are not ________ to unemployment benefit if you have never worked.&A. accustomed&&&B. resigned&&&C. entitled&&&D. submitted
34. We guarantee that all your personal information will be treated ________ and there should be no fear at all of identity theft.A. initially&&&&B. independently &&C. confidently& &&D. confidentially35. ― I can’t bear the air pollution in this city anymore. It is getting worse and worse.― ________! We’ve never had so many chemical factories before.&A. I wouldn’t bet on it&B. You said it&&&C. Keep it up&&&D. Come off it第二节 完形填空（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）请认真阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。&Everyone en it is wonderful to say the right thing at the right time! When I was a senior in high school, I&&& 36&&& knew I wanted to pursue writing as a career.&Writing had basically&&& 37&&& me when I was only 7 years old,&&& 38&&& since that time, I’d been bombarded by guidance counselors and career planners who all&&& 39&&& me to have “a back-up plan” in case writing didn’t work out.&I’d never even&&& 40&&& a different career path, so I was very&&& 41&&& and worried. After much thought, I decided&&& 42&&& would be my “back-up plan,” and I signed up for a class through my high school.&This&&& 43&&& that every morning, I would serve as a teacher’s helper for my favorite 6th grade teacher, Mr. Ralston. Morning after morning, I showed up in Mr. Ralston’s classroom and&& 44&&& papers for him.&Sometimes, I even&&& 45&&& a lesson or two. It was fun, and the students seemed to like me, so I was surprised when it came time for my&&& 46&& . Mr. Ralston looked me right in the eyes and asked, “Do you really want to teach?”&“Had I really been that&&& 47&& ?” I thought.&“Don’t misunderstand. You’ll do fine in teaching,” he continued. “But, is your&&& 48&&& really in it?”&“Not really,” I&&& 49&& . “I want to write. I want to write news stories and fiction and poetry and so much more…but I’ve been told it’s tough to make it as a writer&&& 50&&& I thought maybe I would teach and then use my summers&&& 51&&& to pursue writing.”&As I shared with Mr. Ralston my hopes, dreams and carefully plotted-out back-up plan, he smiled and said, “Why are you preparing to&&& 52&&& with this back-up plan? If you want to be a writer, go for it! Pursue writing!”&Mr. Ralston’s&&& 53&&& to follow my dreams was the little nudge I needed to help me push past my&&& 54&&& of not making it as a writer and simply “Go for it!”&That’s what an encouraging word will do when spoken in love in&&& 55&&& season. So, let’s try and be like Mr. Ralston and speak that word of encouragement at just the right time and make a difference in someone’s life today.36. A. even&&&&B. never&&&&C. already&&&D. also37. A. reminded&&&B. entertained&&&C. accompanied&&D. chosen38. A. or&&&&&B. and&&&&C. for&&&&D. but39. A. urged&&&&B. forced&&&&C. taught&&&&D. persuaded40. A. created&&&&B. taken&&&&C. considered&&&D. examined41. A. embarrassed&&&B. confused&&&C. annoyed&&&D. frightened42. A. writing&&&&B. teaching&&&C. studying&&&D. compiling43. A. meant&&&&B. indicated&&&C. suggested&&&D. revealed44. A. read&&&&B. set&&&&C. graded&&&&D. composed45. A. reviewed&&&B. skipped&&&C. took&&&&D. presented46. A. application&& &&B. evaluation&&&C. instruction&&&D. qualification47. A. transparent&&&B. shallow&&&C. superior&&&D. ambitious48. A. eye&&&&B. mind&&&&C. heart&&&&D. focus49. A. interrupted&&&B. joked&&&&C. admitted&&&D. apologized50. A. unless&&&&B. if&&&&&C. because&&&D. so51. A. up&&&&&B. apart&&&&C. along&&&&D. off52. A. fail&&&&&B. follow&&&&C. depart&&&&D. compete53. A. encouragement&&B. determination&&C. tendency&&&D. attempt54. A. dreams&&&&B. fears&&&&C. regrets&&&&D. mistakes55. A. peak&& &&&B. low&&&&C. due&&&& &&&D. new第三部分 阅读理解（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AInterstellarRelease date: November 7, 2014Starring: Matthew McConaughey, Anne Hathaway, Jessica Chastain, Bill Irwin, Ellen Burstyn, Michael CaineWhen a wormhole (which theoretically can connect widely-separated regions of spacetime) is discovered, explorers and scientists unite to set out on a voyage through it, transcending the limits of human space travel. Among the travelers is a widowed engineer (McConaughey) who has to decide to leave behind his two children to join the voyage with the goal of saving humanity.&
Big HeroRelease date: November 7, 2014Starring: Ryan Potter, Soctt Adsit, T. J. Miller, Jamie Chung, Damon Wayans Jr.Set in a fictional metropolis called San Fransokyo (a portmanteau of San Francisco and Tokyo), a young robotics genius named Hiro Hamada and his robot Baymax uncover a criminal plot and put together a team of inexperienced crime-fighters, includingWasabi, Honey Lemon, GoGo Tomago, and Fred to solve the mystery surrounding the crime. &
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay Part 1Release date: November 21, 2014Starring: Jeenifer Lawrence, Josh Hutcherson, Liam Hemsworth, Woody Harrelson, Elizabeth Banks, Hulianne Moore, Jeffrey Wright, Jena Malone, Sam Claflin, Philip Seymour HoffmanKatniss Everdeen (Jennifer Lawrence) finds herself in District 13 after she destroys the Games forever. Under the leadership of President Coin (Julianne Moore) and the advice of her trusted friends, Katniss spreads her wings as she fights to save Peeta (Josh Hutcherson) and a nation moved by her courage. &
Penguins of MadagascarRelease date: November 14, 2014Starring: Tom McGrath, Chris Miller, Benedict Cumberbatch, John MalkovichThe Penguins of Madagascar is a spin-off of the Madagascar films. The series follows the adventures of four penguins: Skipper, Rico, Kowalski, and Private, who perform various paramilitary-like missions to protect their home in the Central Park Zoo. The penguins often have to deal with problems caused, or made worse, by King Julien XIII (a ring-tailed lemur), Maurice (an aye-aye), and Mort (a mouse lemur).&
56. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. The voyage through the wormhole is a considerable challenge. B. A team of crime-fighters uncovers a criminal plot in Big Hero. C. President Coin pushes Katniss to protest Peeta. D. Penguins have to wrestle with problems in District 13.57. The similarity that exists in the four films is that ________. A. each of them is a branch of film seriesB. all of them are concerned with positive energyC. they all have the best actors and actresses in the worldD. the four films all have something to do with explorationBAccording to figures released by the Office for National Statistics (ONS), the U.K. has about 7.7 million families with dependent children, of which 3.7 million have just one child, compared to 3 million with two and 1.1 million with three children or more. The number of families today with just one dependent child is now 47 percent and will likely rise to more than 50 percent in a decade. As the ONS confirms, “It appears that families are getting smaller.” &One obvious reason for this could be that women are putting off having children until they have established careers when they are bound to be less fertile. But it could just as well be a matter of choice. Parents must consider the rising cost of living, combined with economic uncertainty and an increasingly difficult job market. And this trend may continue growing as having an only child becomes more normal, which seems to be the mood on the mothers’ online forum Mumsnet, where one member announced that she “just wanted to start a positive thread about how fab it is to have an only child”. She had received 231 replies, overwhelmingly in the same upbeat spirit. Parents of only children insist there are plenty of benefits. Nicola Kelly, a writer and lecturer who grew up as an only child and is now a married mother of one, says her 15-year-old son seems more grown-up in many ways than his contemporaries. Not all products of single-child families are as keen to repeat the experience. In a moving recent account journalist Janice Turner wrote about her own keenness to “squeeze out two sons just 22 months apart” as a reaction to her only-child upbringing. She was placed on a pedestal by her doting parents, whom she punished with a “brattish, wilful” rejection of everything they stood for. Desperate for a close friend she was repeatedly shattered by rejection and refers to her childhood as being “misery”. Writer and clinician Dr. Dorothy Rowe, a member of the British Psychological Society, says that we all interpret events in our own individual way and there are some children who no matter what their circumstances feel slighted, while other children see the advantages of their situation.However, the one part of life that is unlikely to get any easier for only children is when they grow up and find themselves looking after their own parents as they become older. 58. The passage is written with the purpose of ________. A. illustrating the strength and weakness of having an only childB. analyzing the reasons why having an only child becomes popularC. presenting us with different opinions about having an only childD. guiding people to look at the same issue from different perspectives59. What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 mean? A. Nearly half of families intend to have just one child. B. All people don’t stand for the idea of having an only child. C. Some people fail to recognize the advantage of having an only child. D. People brought up in an only child family resist downsizing the family. 60. From what Dr. Dorothy Rowe said, we know that ________. A. journalist Janice Turner experienced a miserable childhoodB. she has a positive attitude towards Janice Turner’s reactionC. it’s necessary for us to look at the event from our own angleD. some are unable to make an objective assessment of their conditions61. What can be inferred from the passage? A. It’s normal to see the imperfection in character in only children. B. Mumsnet is an online forum which promotes having an only child. C. Economic development plays a determining role in the family size. D. Only children will have difficulty in attending to their parents. CExercise seems to be good for the human brain, with many recent studies suggesting that regular exercise improves memory and thinking skills. But an interesting new study asks whether the apparent cognitive benefits from exercise are real or just a placebo effect ― that is, if we think we will be “smarter” after exercise, do our brains respond accordingly? The answer has significant implications for any of us hoping to use exercise to keep our minds sharp throughout our lives.While many studies suggest that exercise may have cognitive benefits, recently some scientists have begun to question whether the apparently beneficial effects of exercise on thinking might be a placebo effect. So researchers at Florida State University in Tallahassee and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign decided to focus on expectations, on what people anticipate that exercise will do for thinking. If people’s expectations jibe (吻合) closely with the actual benefits, then at least some of those improvements are probably a result of the placebo effect and not of exercise.For the new study, which was published last month in PLOS One, the researchers recruited 171 people through an online survey system, they asked half of these volunteers to estimate by how much a stretching and toning regimens (拉伸运动) performed three times a week might improve various measures of thinking. The other volunteers were asked the same questions, but about a regular walking program.In actual experiments, stretching and toning program generally have little if any impact on people’s cognitive skills. Walking, on the other hand, seems to substantially improve thinking ability.But the survey respondents believed the opposite, estimating that the stretching and toning program would be more beneficial for the mind than walking. The estimates of benefits from walking were lower.These data, while they do not involve any actual exercise, are good news for people who do exercise. “The results from our study suggest that the benefits of aerobic exercise are not a placebo effect,” said Cary Stothart, a graduate student in cognitive psychology at Florida State University, who led the study.If expectations had been driving the improvements in cognition seen in studies after exercise, Mr. Stothart said, then people should have expected walking to be more beneficial for thinking than stretching. They didn’t, implying that the changes in the brain and thinking after exercise are physiologically genuine.The findings are strong enough to suggest that exercise really does change the brain and may, in the process, improve thinking, Mr. Stothart said. That conclusion should encourage scientists to look even more closely into how, at a molecular level, exercise remodels the human brain, he said. It also should encourage the rest of us to move, since the benefits are, it seems, not imaginary, even if they are in our head.62. Which of the following about the placebo effect is TRUE according to the passage? A. It occurs during exercise. &&&&&B. It has cognitive benefits. C. It is just a mental reaction. &&&&D. It is a physiological response. 63. Why did the researchers at the two universities conduct the research? A. To discover the placebo effect in the exercise. B. To prove the previous studies have a big drawback. C. To test whether exercise can really improve cognition. D. To encourage more scientists to get involved in the research. 64. What can we know about the research Cary Stothart and his team carried out? A. They employed 171 people to take part in the actual exercise. B. The result of the research removed the recent doubt of some scientists. C. The participants thought walking had a greater impact on thinking ability. D. Their conclusion drives scientists to do research on the placebo effect. 65. What might be the best title for the passage?A. Is it necessary for us to take exercise? &&B. How should people exercise properly? C. What makes us smarter during exercise? &&D. Does exercise really make us smarter? DMum, it’s me. Hopefully, this Mothering Sunday you will get to hear those three words. I will, of course, try to phone you. I hope we will be able to speak for the allowed 10 minutes. But I suspect many inmates will be using the phone, so if I don’t call and if we don’t speak, then this is what I would have said:It’s not your fault that I am here. I know that deep in your heart you have questioned whether my current circumstance is somehow your fault, if the reckless stupidity of my past is somehow a failure on your part. It is not. Only one person is to blame, only one person should hurt ― me. You have always taught me that when the room goes dark, you can wait for the lights to be switched back on or you can search in the dark and turn the light on yourself. You are my light. You always have been and always will be. There is nobody I admire more, nobody I have strived harder to please in my life, which is why my current failure hurts me so much.I am so sorry that I will not be there to see you, but I want you to know that now, as always, you are here with me. In my darkest hours, and in the coldest loneliness of my past few months, my mind has so often wandered to the past, to when it was you and me ― and I have been able to smile. Yours is the strength that I draw upon.A parent’s job is to make sure that they pass on the best of themselves to their children. You have done that. It is the inner you in me that will get me through this.I have failed you so epically, but you have never failed me. If I think back to the tears I shed when Dad left, all those years ago, I see you through their misty glaze. You holding me and you telling me we’d be OK, and we will be. We are and always will be the best team.Childhood heroes such as footballers, actors and rock stars are clichéd. If the job’s done right, a child’s heroes should be their parents ― you are mine. The strength you showed after the divorce from Dad to find your biological parents, to go to university and get your teaching qualifications, to begin your life again, is the strength that I draw on now. It is the belief in myself, it is the belief you have in me, that tells me that once I am released I can and will rebuild my life. I will make you proud again. I will make you happy to have me as your son. Yours is the will that gets me through every day.I don’t believe you can judge a person for the mistakes they make, as we all make them, but you can judge them for what they do afterwards. And after this, when it is all over, you will still have a son with the same hopes and dreams. They have not diminished. If you can dream it, then you have to believe it can happen ― right?So this Mothering Sunday, please think back to that morning in the 80s, the first Mother’s Day without Dad, when a six-year-old me got up early and made breakfast for you. Do you remember it? Could you ever forget? A slice of bread a doorstep thick and a wedge of cheese equally dense. You didn’t have to eat it, but you did, chewing every dry mouthful. I know now why you forced yourself ― because it had been made with love. Well, things don’t change this year ― this letter is that bread and cheese (it sure has plenty of the cheese!).I love you so much. I am sorry I have let you down, but you have taught me that we will always pick ourselves up and become better than we were before. Thank you for everything and this year, more than ever:Happy Mothering Sunday.Love, your son
66. According to the passage, what made the author most upset at present? A. Losing his freedom temporarily.B. Being unable to phone his mother.C. Failing to live up to his mother’s expectations.D. Having no chance to spend the weekend with mother.67. What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 4 refer to? &A. Mothering Sunday.&B. Dark time.&&&C. His mistake.&&D. Near future.68. What did the author do in the loneliness of his past months？A. He summed up the causes of the failure in his life. B. He planned to help his mother find her birth parents. C. He recalled the fond memories of being with his mother. D. He prepared himself to go to university for further studies. 69. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “clichéd” in Paragraph 6? A. Ridiculous.&&&B. Liberal.&&&C. Explicit. &&&D. Common.70. Which of the following can best describe the author’s mother?A. Selfless but stubborn.&&&&&&B. Guilty but determined.C. Selfish but responsible.&&&&&D. Caring but envious.第四部分 任务型阅读(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填1个单词。Simon Sinek is naturally shy and doesn’t like speaking to crowds. At parties, he says he hides alone in the corner or doesn’t even show up in the first place. He prefers the latter. Yet, with some 22 million video views under his belt, the optimistic ethnographer also happens to be the third most-watched TED Talks presenter of all time.Sinek’s unlikely success as both an inspirational speaker and a bestselling author isn’t just dumb luck. It’s the result of fears faced and erased, trial and error and tireless practice, on and off stage. Here are his secrets for delivering speeches that inspire, inform and entertain.Don’t talk right away.Sinek says you should never talk as you walk out on stage. “A lot of people start talking right away, and it’s out of nerves,” Sinek says. “That communicates a little bit of insecurity and fear.”Instead, quietly walk out on stage. Then take a deep breath, find your place, wait a few seconds and begin. “I know it sounds long and tedious and it feels excruciatingly awkward when you do it,” Sinek says, “but it shows the audience you’re totally confident and in charge of the situation.”Show up to give, not to take.Often people give presentations to sell products or ideas, to get people to follow them on social media, buy their books or even just to like them. Sinek calls these kinds of speakers “takers,” and he says audiences can see through these people right away. And, when they do, they disengage.“We are highly social animals,” says Sinek. “Even at a distance on stage, we can tell if you’re a giver or a taker, and people are more likely to trust a giver ― a speaker that gives them value, that teaches them something new, that inspires them ― than a taker.”Speak unusually slowly.When you get nervous, it’s not just your heart beat that quickens. Your words also tend to speed up. Luckily Sinek says audiences are more patient and forgiving than we know.“They want you to succeed up there, but the more you rush, the more you turn them off,” he says. “If you just go quiet for a moment and take a long, deep breath, they’ll wait for you. It’s kind of amazing.”Turn nervousness into excitement.Sinek learned this trick from watching the Olympics. A few years ago he noticed that reporters interviewing Olympic athletes before and after competing were all asking the same question. “Were you nervous?” And all of the athletes gave the same answer: “No, I was excited.” These competitors were taking the body’s signs of nervousness ― clammy hands, pounding heart and tense nerves ― and reinterpreting them as side effects of excitement and exhilaration.When you’re up on stage you will likely go through the same thing. That’s when Sinek says you should say to yourself out loud, “I’m not nervous, I’m excited!”Say thank you when you’re done.Applause is a gift, and when you receive a gift, it’s only right to express how grateful you are for it. This is why Sinek always closes out his presentations with these two simple yet powerful words: thank you.“They gave you their time, and they’re giving you their applause.” Says Sinek. “That’s a gift, and you have to be grateful.”Passage outline&Supporting details(71)& ▲&& to Simon Sinek&●He is by (72)&& ▲&& shy and dislikes making speeches in public.●Through his (73)&& ▲&& effort, he enjoys great success in giving speeches.Tips& on& delivering speeches&●Avoid talking (74)&& ▲&& for it indicates you’re nervous. ●Keep calm and wait a few seconds before talking, which will create an (75)&& ▲&& that you are confident.&●Try to be a giver rather than a taker because in (76)&& ▲&& with a taker, a giver can get more popular and accepted. ●Teach audience something new that they can (77)&& ▲&& from.&●Speak a bit slowly just to help you stay calm. ●Never speed up while speaking in case you (78)&& ▲&& the audience.&●Switch nervousness to excitement by (79)&& ▲&& the example of Olympic athletes.&●Express your (80)&& ▲&& to the audience for their time and applause to conclude your speech.
第五部分 书面表达（满分25分）81. 请阅读下面短文,并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。Cleanliness is important to academic success at one Chinese university where compulsory labor is part of a program designed to award class credits while teaching students with proper moral values. During winter, the sky is still dark at 6:30 a.m. when the first-year students in Trade and Management College in Zhengzhou begin sweeping the 165-acre campus and it can take up to an hour. Mr. Sun, the university official, said labor is good for building character and promotes “the spirit of hard work.” Some students also claim that they are always proud of the clean campus. They never litter because they’ve been through the labor and understand that they should respect the fruits of labor of others.Some students, however, are against it because they feel the demands of the cleaning program are a distraction. Some often show up late and hungry to their morning classes after rushing to sweep the campus and clean their rooms. 【写作内容】1. 用约30个单词写出上文概要；2. 用约120个单词发表你的观点，内容包括：(1) 支持或反对这个学校的做法；(2)&用2-3个理由或论据支撑你的观点。【写作要求】1. 可以支持文中任一观点，但必须提供理由或论据； 2. 阐述观点或提供论据时，不能直接引用原文语句；3. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；&&&&&&&&&&&& 4. 不必写标题。【评分标准】内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。
南京市、盐城市2015届高三年级第一次模拟考试英语参考答案与听力文稿
第一部分 听力理解（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）1-5 ABACB&&&& 6-10 CBABC&&11-15 BBAAC&&&16-20 ABACA 第二部分 英语知识运用（共35小题；每小题1分，满分35分）21-25 CCDBC&& 26-30 BCBAD&&31-35 ADCDB36-40 CDDAC&& 41-45 BBACD&&46-50 BACCD&&51-55 DAABC第三部分 阅读理解（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）56-57 AB&&&&&& 58-61 CBDD&&62-65 CCBD&&&66-70 CBCDB第四部分 任务型阅读（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）71. Introduction&& 72. nature&&73. constant / tireless / continuous&& 74. immediately / instantly& &75. impression&&& 76. comparison / contrast&& 77. benefit / learn& 78. bore / disgust &79. following / copying& 80. gratitude / thanks / appreciation第五部分 书面表达（满分25分） 81. 支持：One university in Zhengzhou designs a program where students must clean the campus every day and relates it to class credits. Some people support the program while others do not. (30)Generally, I am in favor of the practice. To begin with, through their effort, students provide a clean and comfortable environment, which, as a result, is an assurance of their successful academic life. Moreover, cleaning and labor can not only serve to build students’ character but also contribute positively to students developing healthy routines and good sanitation habits. Last but not least, by enjoying the fruits of others’ labor, students will develop the awareness of gratitude and regard labor as a matter of honor. In short, carrying out the cleaning program is crucial. The significance for students of participating in it means more than academic success. It is part of moral education and benefits students as well as the campus. (120)
反对：It is required by one university in Zhengzhou that students should clean the campus every morning to achieve class credits. Opinions on the practice vary widely from person to person. (30)I am strongly opposed to the practice for the following reasons. First of all, cleaning tends to take up too much time, which becomes a distraction for students and discourages them from focusing on their academic performances. Then, students can be encouraged to maintain clean living areas but it’s unreasonable to relate the cleaning with the academic credits. As students, they should put more efforts into their studies to achieve class credits instead of sweeping the campus. Furthermore, though someone claims labor can contribute to developing the spirit of hard work, it should by no means be achieved through daily floor-sweeping. In conclusion, there is no sense in students sweeping the campus, for it benefits neither their character nor study. (120)书面表达评分建议一、评分原则1．&本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。2．&评分时，可先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。3．&概要部分少于20词或多于40词；全文少于130词或多于180词的，从总分中酌情减去1-2分。4．&评分时，应注意的主要内容为：内容要点、运用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性、上下文的连贯性及语言的得体性。5．&拼写和标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。6．&如字迹难以辨认，以致影响表达，将分数降低一个档次。二、评分要点1. 概要；2. 自己的观点（支持或反对）；3. 用2-3个理由或论据支撑观点。三、各档次的给分范围和要求第五档&完全完成了试题规定的任务。&覆盖所有内容要点。&语法结构和词汇有个别小错误，但为尽量使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力。&有效地使用了衔接手段，全文结构紧凑，内容连贯。完全达到了预期的写作目的。（很好）（21―25分）&第四档&完成了试题规定的任务。&虽漏掉一、二个次重点，但覆盖所有主要内容。&应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。&语法结构和词汇方面应用基本准确，少许错误主要是因为尝试较复杂语法结构或词汇所致。&应用简单的语句间的衔接手段，全文结构紧凑，内容较连贯。达到了预期的写作目的。（好）（16―20分）&第三档&基本完成了试题规定的任务。&虽漏掉一些内容，但基本覆盖主要内容。&应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。&有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，但不影响理解。&应用简单的衔接手段，内容基本连贯。整体而言，基本达到了预期的写作目的。（中等）（11―15分）&第二档&未恰当完成试题规定的任务。&漏掉或未清楚描述某些主要内容，写了一些无关内容。&语法结构单一，所用词汇有限。&有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响了对所写内容的理解。&较少使用衔接手段，内容缺少连贯性。信息未能清楚地传达给读者。（较差）（6―10分）&第一档&未完成试题规定的任务。&明显遗漏主要内容，写了一些无关内容。&语法结构单一，所用词汇不当。&有较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响内容理解。&缺乏语句间的衔接手段，内容不连贯。信息未能传达给读者。（差）（1―5分）&0分&未能传达给读者任何信息：内容太少，无法评判；所写内容均与试题要求内容无关或无法看清。英语试题听力文稿Text 1M: Do you have to leave already? It’s only nine o’clock.W: I’m sorry, but I must. My parents are expecting me.
Text 2M: I thought the party was a great success.W: Really? But there was not enough food, and the room was too hot.
Text 3M: I can come to your house and pick you up in half an hour. Is that all right?W: Good. That means you’ll be here at eight-thirty.
Text 4W: Oh, my god! Jack? It’s you.M: Ruth, my girl! How is it you? I can’t believe my eyes.W: Oh, the God is able to work miracles. Everything is possible. Am I dreaming?M: Darling, I’m looking for you these years with no news.
Text 5W: Bob. Shall we dine out somewhere?M: I’d love to, but I’m broke.W: Never mind. I’ll treat you to dinner.M: Thank you.
Text 6M: Hello, Vicky, how are you?W: Fine, thanks, how are you?M: Pretty well, thank you. Are you a student?W: Yes. I’m studying at Dalian University of Foreign Languages.M: Oh, good. What experience have you got?W: I once worked as a waitress in a bar.M: Have you ever worked as a secretary?W: No, but I think I can learn quickly.M: Well, your English is good. I have noticed that. But my secretary must have knowledge in foreign trade. So I have to say I can’t offer you the job.W: That’s all right. I can try other places. Goodbye.M: Bye.
Text 7W: Can I help you, sir?M: I’d like to check out.W: Your name and room number, please?M: Mike, Room 730.W: Just a minute, please. 260 yuan. Please check if the amount is correct.M: Let me see. That’s correct.W: Would you like to pay by cash or credit card?M: By credit card. Here you are.W: One moment, please. Please sign here. Here is your original credit card bill and receipt.M: Thanks a lot.W: With pleasure. I hope to see you soon again.
Text 8M: Honey, I’m planning to visit Steve and his wife this weekend. They just finished his research and came back from China last week. Would you like to come with me?W: Oh, really? We haven’t seen them for nearly one year. Let me check my schedule first. That’s OK with me. I’ll accompany you.M: Fantastic!W: Are there any other guests there? Is it casual or formal? What should I wear?M: Just some close friends. It’s just a casual get-together. Formal dress is not necessary. W: Do you think we should bring some gifts to them?M: This is just what I’m thinking. Steve loves whisky very much, so I want to buy a bottle of Scottish whisky for him. What do you think? W: That’s a good idea. And that’s for Steve’s wife, Amanda. I remember she loves roses. Therefore, I can bring a bunch of roses for her. But how about the kids?M: I don’t want to take them to Steve’s home. They’re too naughty. And Steve doesn’t like to make too much noise.W: Don’t worry, I’ll ask a favor of our neighbor to look after our kids for us. One more thing, darling, do we stay for dinner?M: No, I’m afraid we don’t have enough time. I have a lot of work to do.
Text 9W: Sir, you’ve been using the Online Catalogue for quite a while. Is there anything I can help you find?M: I’ve got to write a paper about Hollywood in the 30s and 40s, and I’m really struggling. There are hundreds of books, and I just don’t know where to begin.W: Your topic sounds pretty big. Why don’t you narrow it down to something like … Uh … the history of the studios during that time?M: You know, I was thinking about doing that, but more than 30 books came up when I typed in “movie studios”.W: You could cut that down even further by listing the specific years you want. Try adding “1930s” or “1940s” or maybe “Golden Age”.M: “Golden Age” is a good idea. Let me type that in…Hey, look, just 6 books came up that time. That’s a lot better.W: Oh… another thing you might consider… have you tried looking for any magazine or newspaper articles?M: No, I’ve only been searching for books.W: Well, you can look up magazine articles in the “Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature”. And we do subscribe to “The Los Angeles Times”. You might go through their index to see if there’s anything you want.M: Okay. I think I’ll get started with these books and then I’ll go over the magazines.W: If you need any help, I’ll be over at the Reference Desk.M: Great, thank you.
Text 10&Nelson decided to take his kids to the park last Saturday. After they got there, everything was fine until they were driving through the area where the elephants were, and they stopped for a moment to take some photos. His little boy opened the window to give an elephant a sandwich. This huge elephant came to them and suddenly put his nose through the window.&And when Nelson tried to close the window, it got worse because the elephant’s nose got trapped. The elephant was so frightened that it started hitting the car. Luckily one guard saw what was going on and rescued them. They were pretty shocked, and two of the windows of their car were broken.&The guards gave the kids some juice and their mum and dad a glass of beer to calm them down. Then they set off home, but when they were about halfway back, they saw an accident had happened on the freeway. There were two police cars, and of course Nelson stopped, as he’s a doctor, to see if he could help.&But when the policemen saw Nelson’s car, they were a bit surprised and asked him what happened to it, so he told them all about the elephant. They were just confused about the elephant and thought he must have been drunk. So they asked him to take a breath test. And of course because of that huge glass of beer at the park, now he’s going to face a punishment.&& 点击下载：
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