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Usage of table manners in the English teaching
闵红艳云南保山市隆阳区汉庄中学678000Table manners are absolutely necessary and important in the life of people， and it’s actually the contents of our daily lives， we call it culture because it has special status in the Chinese culture and it has a great distinction between China and west. By studying these cultural differences we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and western countries.1.Differences between Chinese and Americans in table mannersFirst of all， Western eating is different， they eat almost everything with a fork and a knife， and it appears that holding a knife in one’s right hand longer more than a few seconds is considered to be a good table manner. The system is that if it is absolutely necessary to use a knife， people take the fork in their left hand， and cut off a piece of meat， then they put their knife down， transfer the fork to their right hand， and only then do they transport the food to their mouth. It is considered good manners. Secondly， the main differences between Chinese and western eating habits are that unlike the China， where the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares， everyone has their own plate of food. Thirdly， use your fork and knife correctly and when leaving the table during the course of your meal， put your napkin on your chair， not the table. No one wants to see your stamped napkin， and at the completion of the meal， place it on the left of your plate； if your plate has been cleared you put it in the center. Fourthly， when in a situation where you have to pass the food or condiments to others at the table pass it to your right or counter clockwise. The western-style banquets， although the food and wine are very important， but in fact they are just the foil， the core of banquet is friendship by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation. Only the Chinese banquet is more popular in the communion， but western banquet shows guests reflected in the friendship between neighbors.Compared with western， in China Chinese eat almost everything with chopsticks， in western they eat everything with a fork and a knife； when the dishes are placed on the table and all people share them together not everyone has their own plate of their food； in China the dishes which are placed on the table， people almost don’t eat up all the food in the plate， instead of leaving a little food in the plate， it means the food is delicious very much； but in western， people almost eat up all the food in the plate to show the food is very delicious . China attaches much importance to the table manners. Firstly China has always been known the “nation of ceremonies”， our Chinese are famous for hospitality， in China a celebration no matter what there will be only one form as sitting together， sharing one feast. Chinese are very proud of their culture of cuisine and will do their best to show their hospitality. Banquet uses a round table， which has created a unity of form， which is courtesy and comity atmosphere. People toast each other and share the vegetables， which reflect the mutual respect between people in the face of the good things， also show the virtues of comity. In China， any banquets no matter what its purpose is held in the same way. People sit down around the table eating and drinking， entertainment and talking. There is little freedom and ease in this kind of banquet. While in the west， people have their dinner in a completely different way. Each of them has his own share of the food which is contained in his own plate. The food in his plate belongs to himself only. I think this way means individual freedom and healthy too. Secondly， Sometimes the Chinese host uses their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or your plate. This is a sign of politeness. The appropriate thing to do would be to eat the whatever-it-is and say how delicious it is. If you feel uncomfortable with this， you can just say a polite thank you and leave the food there， but don’t stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl instead lay them on your dish， the reason for this is that when somebody dies， the shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it， so if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl， it looks like this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table. So it is impolite. And keep in mind that doesn’t tap on your bowl with your chopsticks， beggars will do like that. Thirdly， do not talk at an excessively loud volume， don’t make noises while eating. As for drinking there are also many table manners， people at a table will usually say“gan bei”when toasting each other， “gan bei” means to raise up one’s wine glass or liquor cup and drink it all the way down so that glass or cup is “dried up to the last drop”. People dry up their glasses to communicate the message to others that they are sincere and joyful. It is quite acceptable for a foreign guest to take a sip instead of emptying the glass when toasting with his or her Chinese host. 2. Use table manners in the English teachingAs for English language learners， they all know table manners are a piece of cultural information， and how can we teach culture in our teaching？ In my opinion， I usually use DVDS， music， reading， PPTs， online programs， literature and newspapers and so forth， I think this can help my students learn about a culture from a variety of viewpoints and provide a broader perspective of this culture； then I asked my students to point out the things which they have already acquired about cultural information they have learned in class； and have them mention the differences they observe between their own cultures and the culture that they are studying； next I placed my students in pairs and asked them to explain to one another their understandings of a particular reading or assignment； last I gave my students a test . I think Chinese students know a little about western table manners， they don’t have many chances to communicate with the foreigners， either. For example， last year I taught a passage about “ Table manners from Wang kun in France” in Grade nine students book （Go for it ！）， in the classroom， I simulated a table manner setting which resemble the real life， I chose a group with ten students， the others were audiences， monitor acted a waiter， the ten people sat down to table which put two rectangle desks to make together a rectangle table， asked monitor to put ten plates of frozen ice cream on the long table， gave them ten sets of forks， knives， napkins and asked them to eat with food etiquette of western. To my surprise， most of them can master and understand that cultural information that their teachers gave them in class. 3.Conclusion： On the whole， we language educators organized activities/tasks/exercise must be make students sound comfortable and clear， the tasks/exercise/activities should be reasonable， meaningful， close to real life； the situation which we choose should also be appropriate and resemble the real settings； As for our students’ errors or their slips of the tongue we shouldn’t be critical of them， in class if we have much more time ， we should do topical follow-up and linguistic follow-up， make sure that everyone understands clearly； at the same time we should encourage our students and make them have more confidence. If we did mostly like these， it is very easy for English language learners to understand or accept those table manners.教育期刊网 参考文献［1］ 国家旅游局人事劳动教育司1宴会厅服务【M】北京：高等教育出版社，1996.［2］ 陈洁，得心应手-西餐礼仪【M】北京：世界知识出版社，2005.［3］ 筷子与刀叉（中共饮食文化比较）【M】杜莉，孙俊秀，高海微，李云云，四川科学技术出版社2007.［4］ SAMOVAR， IA，跨文化交际【M】北京：外语教学与研究出版社［5］ 义务教育课程标准试验教科书（新目标）Go for it -Students’ book ，Grade nine. 人民教育出版社，（美国）圣智学习出版公司合编
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日本的餐桌礼仪
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Don＇t stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. Instead.lay them on your dish. The reason for this is that when somebody dies. the shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. So if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl. it looks like this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table!
It is polite to make noise when you have a meal.especially when you eat noodles.
或者Tables and sitting
In Japan. some restaurants and private houses are equipped with low Japanese style tables and cushions on the floor. rather than with Western style chairs and tables. Please visit our information page about sitting techniques and rules for more information.
A restaurant with traditional low tables
Itadakimasu and Gochisosama
In Japan. you say &itadakimasu& (&I gratefully receive&) before starting to eat. and &gochisosama (deshita)& (&Thank you for the meal&) after finishing the meal.
Individual versus shared dishes
It is not uncommon in private households and in certain restaurants (e.g. izakaya) to share several dishes of food at the table rather than serving each person with his/her individual dish. In such a case. you are supposed to move some food from the shared plates onto your own plate by yourself. using the opposite end of your chopsticks (if you have used them already) or with special chopsticks that may be provided for that purpose.
Chopsticks
The proper usage of chopsticks is the most fundamental element of Japanese table manners. and therefore. we have assigned them a separate information page.
Some Table Rules
Blowing your nose in public. and especially at the table. is considered bad manner.
It is considered good manner to empty your dishes to the last grain of rice.
Talking about toilet related and similarly disappetizing topics during or before a meal is not appreciated by most people.
Unlike in some other parts of East Asia. it is considered bad manner to burp.
After finishing eating. try to place all your dishes in the same way as they were at the start of the meal. This includes replacing the lid of dishes which came with a lid and replacing your chopsticks on the chopstick holder or into their paper slip. if applicable.
Read more about chopstick rules.
Drinking rules
When drinking alcoholic beverages. it is a Japanese custom to serve each other. rather than pouring the beverage into one＇s own glass. You are supposed to periodically check your friends＇ cups. and serve them more once their cups are getting empty. Likewise. if someone wants to serve you more alcohol. you should quickly empty your glass and hold it towards that person.
While it is considered bad manner to become obviously drunk in some formal restaurants. for example in restaurants that serve kaiseki ryori (Japanese haute cuisine). the same is not true for other types of restaurants such as izakaya. as long as you do not bother other guests.
Do not start drinking until everybody at the table is served and the glasses are raised for a drinking salute. which usually is &kampai&. Avoid using &chin chin& when drinking a toast. since in Japanese this expression refers to the male genitals.
How to eat...
Take the rice bowl into one hand and the chopsticks into the other and lift it towards your mouth while eating. Do not pour soya sauce over white. cooked rice.
... Sushi:
Pour some soya sauce into a the small plate provided. It is considered bad manner to waste soya sauce. so try not to pour more sauce into your plate than you are actually going to be using.
You do not need to add wasabi into your soya sauce. because the sushi pieces usually already contain wasabi. and some sushi pieces are supposed to be eaten without wasabi. If you choose to add wasabi. nonetheless. use only a small amount. in order not to offend the sushi chef. If you do not like wasabi. you can request that none is added into your sushi.
In general. you are supposed to eat a sushi piece in one bite. Attempts to separate a piece into two. most often end in the destruction of the beautifully prepared sushi. Hands or chopsticks can be used to eat sushi.
In case of nigiri-zushi. dip the piece into the soya sauce upside-down with the fish part ahead. A few kinds of nigiri-zushi. for example. marinated pieces. should not be dipped into soya sauce.
In case of gunkan-zushi. pour a small amount of soya sauce over it. rather than dipping it into the sauce.
... Sashimi:
Give some soya sauce into a small plate provided. Put some wasabi on the sashimi piece. but do not use too much wasabi as this would overpower the taste of the raw fish and possibly offend the chef. Use the sauce for dipping the sashimi pieces. Some types of sashimi are enjoyed with ground ginger rather than wasabi.
... Miso Soup:
Drink the soup out of the bowl as if it were a cup. and fish out the solid food pieces with your chopsticks.
... Noodles:
Lead the noodles with your chopsticks step by step into your mouth. while sucking them in with a controlled slurping sound. Try to copy the slurping sound of people around you.
In case of noodle soups. keep the distance between the bowl and your mouth small in order to avoid splashing. If a ceramic spoon is provided. use it to drink the soup. otherwise. lift the bowl to your mouth in order to drink the soup.
... Kare Raisu:
(and other dishes in which the rice is mixed with a sauce)
Kare Raisu (Japanese style curry rice) and other rice dishes. in which the rice is mixed with a sauce (for example. some domburi dishes) and may become a little bit difficult to eat with chopsticks. are often eaten with large spoons rather than chopsticks.
... Big pieces of food:
(e.g. prawn tempura. tofu)
Separate the piece with your chopsticks (this takes some exercise). or just bite off a piece and put the rest back onto your plate.
Please visit also the related information pages about eating at a restaurant.
Any advice or question? Voice them in the forum!
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