英语翻译It is pretty much a one-way street.While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the commercialworld,there is very little traffic in the opposite direction.Pay has always been the biggest deterrentas people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job.For some industrial scientists,however,the attractions of academia outweigh any financial considerations.Helen Lee took a 70% cut in salary when she moved from a senior post in Abbott Laboratories to a medical department at the University of Cambridge.Her main reason for returning to academia mid-career was to take advantage of the greater freedom to choose research questions.Some areas of inquiry havefew prospects of a commercial return,and Lee’s is one of them.The impact of a salary cut is probably less severe for a scientist in the early stages of a career.Guy Grant,now a research associate at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics at the University of Cambridge,spent two years working for a pharmaceuticalcompany before returning to university as a post-doctoral researcher.He took a 30% salary cut but felt it worthwhile for the greater intellectual opportunities.Higher up the ladder,where a pay cut is usually more significant,the demand forscientists with a wealth of experience in industry is forcing universities tomake the transition to academia more attractive,according to Lee.Industrial scientists tend to receive training that academics do not,such as how to build a multidisciplinary team,manage budgets and negotiate contracts.They are also well placed to bring something extra to the teaching sideof an academic role that will help students get a job when they graduate,saysLee,perhaps experience in manufacturing practice or product development.“Onlya small number of undergraduates will continue in an academic career.So someone leaving university who already has the skills needed to work in an industrial lab has far more potential in the job market than someone who has spent all their time on a narrow research project.”
你大爷GzZf
第一次做这么长的翻译,希望对你有用.文章写的很好.主题我喜欢.这在很大程度上是个单行道.固然,大学里做研究的学者跳到商界里试试运气,这种事应该是常见的,但是商界里的人却很少有转向大学里做学术的.对有家之人来说,制约他们转向到大学里工作的最大因素是薪水的降低.不过,对一些专在实业界里做研究的人来说,学术的吸引力大于经济上的考虑.海伦 李放弃了阿伯特实验室的一个高级岗位,去了剑桥大学的一个医学系工作,薪水降低了70%.她半路“离家出走”到了学术界,主要是因大学里有更大的自由选择研究课题.有些研究的领域商业回报的前景很暗淡,海伦李的项目就属于这类的.在研究人员的职业生涯的早期,降低薪水还不算多么严重的事情.盖 格朗特现在在联合利华中心做分子信息学的研究.这之前他在一家制药公司干了两年,然后回答大学做博后,薪酬降了30%,但他觉得值得,因为思维发展上有了更多的机会.越往象牙塔的高处走,薪酬就降得越明显.但是,由于大学需要有大量的富有实战经验的研究人员,这就迫使学校提高转向大学做学术的吸引力.海伦李认为,实业界的研究人员往往能得到一些学术界的学者们得不到的培训机会,例如怎样组件跨学科的团队、管理预算以及合同谈判.此外,那些来自于实业界的研究人员更能给教学带来有助于学生毕业求职额外的东西,比如有关产品开发或者产品制造的知识.想毕业后继续做学术的本科生很少.所以说,那些即将毕业的已经具备了职场必须的技能的学生,在求职时比那些一直把所有的时间花在一个狭窄的研究领域的人更能占上风.
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ฉัลจ&#3592？
4个国家的语言;ن้;อน&#3588， تกไหม่ใ;&#3652，别人发我的， ¿ณوด้ตัDงمะيุ&#1604?，翻译下，说是一首歌的歌词Je suis désolé
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1 the one who hurt me, I will always keep smiling , because I do no
2 the one who deceived me, if I knew that the light laugh it off , weight conscious please
3 the one who betray me, I have always been , one infidelity,
4 the one who like me , the friendship between friends have been better th
5 the one who scolded me, swearing can not represent you multiple events, you have not let me qualify as you
6 people who care about me , I care about you all remember in my heart, I have nothing but
7 , who loved me , sometimes love h...
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出门在外也不愁[转载]翻译方法和技巧
翻译方法和技巧
翻译方法和技巧[1]
1.&四种翻译方法
1.1直译和意译
所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。
每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。（张培基）
应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。
& Literal translation refers to an adequate
representation of the original. When the original coincides or
almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of
vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal
translation must be used.
& Free translation is also called liberal
translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word
order of the original.（郭著章）
直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。
意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时，不得不舍弃原文的字面意义，以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。（陈宏薇）
简单地说，直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法，句子结构与原句相似，但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。
意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法，另觅同意等效的表达方法，或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。（杨莉藜）
&Literal translation may be defined as having the
following characteristics:
& 1, literal translation takes sentences as its
basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time
in the course of translating.
& 2, literal translation strives to reproduce both
the ideological content and style of the entire literary work and
retain as much as possible the figures of speech and such main
sentence structures or patterns as SV,SVO, SVC, SVA, SVOO, SVOC,
SVOA& formulated by Randolph Quirk, one of the
authors of the book A Comprehensive Grammar of the English
& Free translation may be defined as a
supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the
original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or
figures of speech. And it is adopted only when and where it is
really impossible for translators to do literal translation. (Liu
1.&He walked at the head of the funeral
procession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a
big handkerchief.
他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢擦一擦他的鳄鱼泪。
2.&It’s an ill wind that blows nobody good.
对有些人有害的事情可能对另一些人有利。
3.&Every dog has his day.
人人皆有得意日。
4.&It means killing two birds with one
这意味着一石二鸟。
这意味着一举两得。
这意味着一箭双雕。
5.&你不要班门弄斧。
Don’t display your axe at Lu Ban’s door.
Don’t teach your grandmother to suck eggs.
Never offer to teach a fish to swim.
6.&Nixon was smiling and Kissinger smiling more
尼克松满面春风，基辛格更是笑容可掬。
7.&在我的后园，可以看见墙外有两株树，一株是枣树，还有一株也是枣树。
Behind the wall of my backyard you can see two trees: one is a date
tree, the other is also a date tree.
8.&油蛉在这里低唱，蟋蟀们在这里弹琴。
Here field crickets droned away while house crickets chirped
9.&There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in
the character of a French man.
法国人的性格混合有老虎和猿的成分。
法国人的性格既残暴又狡猾。
虎恶狐狡，兼而有之，这就是法国人的性格。
10.&Every spirits you take is a nail in your
你喝的每一杯酒都在缩短你的性命。
你喝的每一杯酒都是你棺材上的一颗钉子。
11.&The first time I saw her, half of my life ago,
she nearly took my breath away.
大半生前第一次见到她，她差点儿把我的呼吸带走。
大半生前第一次见到她，我就惊呆了。
12.&芦笛岩是桂林最精彩的岩洞。
Reed Flute Cave is the most magnificent of all in Guilin.
13.&Don’t cross the bridge till you get to
不必担心太早。
不必自寻烦恼。
14.&Do you see any green in my eye?
你以为我是好骗的吗？
15.&I want a man who will throw his hat over the
Chindwin and then lead his troops after it.
我要的是这样一个人，他决心在亲顿江破釜沉舟，然后率领部队前进。
16.&Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I
showed her the door.
鲁斯一直在扰乱别的孩子，我把他撵了出去。
17.&The opera it’s a gamble
whether he lives or dies.
手术不一定成功，能否保住他的性命，只能一赌。
18.&But after six years of a stormy marriage, Cewe
decided to end it.
六载婚姻生活，风雨交加，赛维决定结束这种婚姻。
19.&The boxes, being museum quality, would have
increased in worth over the years, and made people remember me
“with growing appreciation.”
九只盒子，都足以当作文物收藏在博物馆里，随着岁月流逝，它们的价值还会越来越高，人们也会记住我，“越来越感激”我。
20.&Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly
person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems
evaporate.
意译：砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。
直译:砸镜子并不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。
21.&. He had about as much chance of getting a job
as of being chosen mayor of Chicago.
A.他找到工作的机会和当选芝加哥市长的机会差不多
B.他找到工作的机会简直跟当选芝加哥市长同样困难。
C.他找到工作的机会简直微乎其微。
22.&“你真是不到黄河不死心。”她低声地说，无可奈何地摇摇头。（《寒夜》）
“You really do refuse to give in until all hope is gone.” she
murmured, shaking her head helplessly.
23. It is a long lane that had no turning.
误：那是一条没有弯的长巷。
正：无论多长的巷也有弯的地方（路必有弯，事必有变）。
24. We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much.
误：我们不能过高地估计现代科学的价值。
正：对现代科学的价值无论如何重视也不过分。
25. At the door to the restaurant, a stunning, porcelain-faced
woman in traditional costume asked me to remove my shoes.
在通往餐厅的门口有一位迷人的陶瓷般脸蛋的妇女叫我脱下鞋子。
在通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女，涂脂抹粉、细皮嫩肉、身着和服、十分迷人，她叫我脱下鞋子。
通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女，她身着和服，仪态优美，面庞陶瓷般光洁白皙，叫我脱去鞋子。
26. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid
beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant
struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.
古老的小日本漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间的引人景象是和服与超短裙之间的不断斗争的象征。
式样古老小巧的日本房屋像小船一般，漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间，这引人注目的景象象征着旧传统和新发展之间的不断斗争。
米黄色的混凝土摩天大楼之间，飘荡着小小的古老的日本，构成了一道吸引人的风景，恰恰象征着和服与迷你裙间不断的斗争。
27. In some automated plants electronic computers control the
entire production line.
在某些自动化工厂，电子计算机控制整个生产线。（直译）
28.& The earth acts like a big magnet．
地球就像一块大磁铁。
29.& Manganese has the same effect on the strength
of steel as silicon.
&& 锰和硅一样都会影响到钢才的强度。
30. It is easy to compress a gas，it is just a matter of reducing
the space between the molecules. Like a liquid a gas has no
shape，but unlike a liquid it will expand and fill any container it
is put in.
气体很容易压缩，那只不过是缩小分子之间的距离而已。气体和液体一样没有形状，但又不同于液体，因为气体会扩张并充满任何盛放它的容器。
31.千字比十字只多一小撇，不是差不多嘛？
& The character千 differs from 十 in merely having
one additional short stroke. Aren’t they about the same?
1.2&归化和异化
&& 翻译的归化/异化（domesticating
translation and foreignizing translation）是在1995年由美国学者L.
Venuti（文努迪）所提出的，而这一术语又直接来源于德国学者Schleiermacher
（施莱尔马赫）1813年宣读的一篇论文。Schleiermacher着重探讨了翻译与理解之间不可分割的关系，指出翻译有两种情况，一种是让读者靠近作者，另一种是让作者靠近读者。如果让读者靠近作者的语境，他就能感受到异国的情调。在这儿，
Schleiermacher使用了foreign 一词。[1]
根据上述两种翻译情况，Schleiermacher提出了以作者为中心的译法和以读者为中心的译法，这一做法突破了传统的直译和意译的界限，对后来的学者产生了很大的
，Venuti的异化/归化观无疑受到Schleiermacher理论的启发。不过，Schleiermacher的理论是基于德国的阐释学之上，而Venuti却将Schleiermacher的论点放在后殖民的语境下来考察,
从而得出了异化的翻译主张。
Venuti为什么十分青睐异化的翻译呢？我们可看看他在《翻译再思》一书中的一段话。他十分欣赏布朗绍的名言：“翻译是纯粹的差异游戏：翻译总得涉及差异，也掩饰差异，同时又偶尔显露差异，甚至经常突出差异。这样，翻译本身就是这差异的活命化身。”在他看来，差异在翻译中被弱化的原因有二：首先，长久以来，翻译的讨论被遮蔽了，它在目的语坐标的价值体系中处于边缘化地位，差异非但没有活现，反而处于融化的过程之中。其次，英国和
的价值标准，在战后形成了全球性的优势，从而更加确定了英美国家主义文化的语境。这种语境只接受在意识形态上符合英美文化的意识形态的外语文本。正是在这样一种背景下，归化的翻译为了迎合接受者的口味，总是依照译入语的特定的政治、文化、意识形态的规范对译入文本进行调整，弱式文化只得听从英美文化的摆弄，成为殖民者进行文化殖民的工具。（参见Venuti
近十年来的有关归化与异化的翻译讨论，是以1987《 现代
外语》上登载的论文“归化----翻译的歧路”而开始的。然而，该文作者可能不曾料到异化与归化会作为一对新的理论范畴而得到广泛的讨论。西方学者讨论的归化与异化这一对术语并非是互补的，而是相互排斥的。美国学者Venuti在讨论异化翻译时，对归化翻译的策略作出了描述：遵守目标语文化当前的主流价值观，公然对原文采用保守的同化手段，从而达到让译文符合本土典律、出版潮流和政治的需求。归化翻译的最大特点就是采用流畅地道的英语进行翻译，在这类翻译中，翻译者的努力被流畅的译文所掩盖，译者为之隐形，不同文化之间的差异也被掩盖，目的语主流文化价值观取代了译入语文化价值观，原文的陌生感已被淡化，译作由此而变得透明。从后殖民理论吸取营养的异化翻译策略则将归化翻译视为帝国主义的殖民和征服的共谋，是文化霸权主义的表现。所以，Venuti提倡异化的翻译策略。根据这一策略，译者和译语读者在翻译的过程中努力摆脱来自强势文化的羁绊。异化翻译并不应理解为对应的翻译，它并不能提高译文的忠实性。后殖民学者Robinson认为异化翻译与直译和逐字翻译相关联，只是没有直译那么极端，因为他们并不坚持在翻译中恪守原文句法序列中的个别词语的意义，但却坚持要保留原味。（参见王东风，2002：26）在异化翻译中，新的东西可能会加进去，从而达到凸现译者的身份，提高翻译的地位，并且对翻译的文化霸权进行有力的回击。
“看一个翻译是归化翻译还是异化翻译，完全取决于文化形态的重构，翻译在这一形态中得到生产和销售；什么是归化或异化只有在考虑到改变译入语文化的价值关系时才能得到界定。”[2]（Mona
归化策略 (domesticating method)
归化是采用民族中心主义态度，是外语文本符合译语的文化价值观，把原作者带入译语文化。
译者在翻译的时候，心中既要想着原作及原作作者，尽可能的把原文的内容和风格准确而生动的表达出来；同时，译者还要想着译文的读者，翻译出来的东西要尽可能接近读者，便于读者理解和接受。
Love me, love my dog.  爱屋及乌。
a lion in the way  拦路虎
lick one’s boots 拍马屁
Diamond cuts diamond  棋逢对手
A flash in a pan  昙花一现
Have one foot in the grave  风烛残年
To grow like mushrooms 雨后春笋
One boy is a boy，two boys half a boy，three boys
nobody．一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。
请用“归化”的翻译方法，翻译下面几句话：
⑴ Lead a dog's life　　
⑵ Jack of all trades　　
⑶ A drowned rat
⑷ Let the cat out of the bag.
⑸ Every dog has his day.
⑹ Don't shed c you know you are really glad
that they're met with misfortune.
⑺ Your honor, I confess the corn. I was royally drunk.
⑻ Don't play your ace in the hole until the critical moment.
⑼ The gravy train is just not for me.
⑽ George Washington adopted a Fabian policy during the war of
Independence.
采取归化策略进行翻译时，以下几种汉语成语不宜使用：
映中华民族特殊习俗的
如：“拂袖而去”；“腰缠万贯”；“罄竹难书”等
有汉字特征的
如：“目不识丁”；“八字没一撇”等
含有中国地名的
如：“稳如泰山”；“黔驴技穷”；“夜郎自大”；“洛阳纸贵”等
含有中国人名的
如：“名落孙山”；“江郎才尽”；“事后诸葛亮”等．
异化策略 (foreignizing?method)
异化是指对文化价值观的偏离主义的压力下，接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情境。异化译法的核心，就是尽量传译原文的“异质因素”，具体说来，就是要尽量传达原作的异域文化特色，异语语言形式，以及作者的异常写作手法。
① 异化可以在语音层上出现。例如：
ballet译作“芭蕾舞”
cigar译作“雪茄”
laser过去译成“莱塞”，现译作“镭射”、“激光”
目前大街小巷都风行的“卡拉 OK”等。
② 异化可以在词语层出现。例如：
“crocodile tears”译作“鳄鱼的眼泪”
“an olive branch”译作“橄榄枝”
“sour grapes”译作“酸葡萄”
“the cold war”译作“冷战”等等。
③ 异化可以在句子结构层次出现。朱生豪翻译的莎士比亚戏剧是公认的佳译，其中就运用了不少“欧化句式”
例如：在《哈姆雷特》第一幕第三场中，波洛涅斯告诫女儿不要轻信哈姆雷特时说：
“You speak like a green girl．Ungifted in such perilous
circumstance．”
朱生豪将其译为：“你讲的话完全像是一个不曾经历过这种危险的不懂事的女孩子。”
异化揭示了深层含义，又再现了原文的表层形式，一方面丰富和完善了汉语的表达力，使表达意思的手段更准确，更多样化；另一方面，也为我们了解西方文化打开了一扇窗户。
请用“异化”的翻译方法翻译下面十个句子。
⑴ Armed to teeth
⑵ Meet one's Waterloo
⑶ Dark horse
⑷ Crocodile tears
⑸ Ivory tower
⑹ He looked cool in his new clothes.
⑺ This is the last supper in our college life.
⑻ The cold war between the husband and wife ended when the husband
found a better job.
⑼ The fear that the Black Monday might return soon alarmed these
Wall Streeters.
⑽ The wealth he had boasted for years turned out to be the
emperor's new clothes.
常用翻译方法及技巧(2)
2.2 十种翻译技巧
了解完四种翻译方法后，我们再来了解一下十种常用翻译技巧，即重复法(repetition)，增词法(amplification)，省略法(omission)，词类转换法(conversion)，词序调整法(inversion)，拆译法(division)，正说反译和反说正译法(negation)，语态变换法(voice
changes)，引申法和句子成分转译法。
2.2.1重复法(repetition)
重复法(repetition)是在翻译中，为了使译文忠实于原文并且产生意义明确，文字通顺、流畅，符合目的语习惯的文字，而将某一部分文字反复使用的翻译技巧。
1. You must ask the mother at home, the children in the street, the
ordinary man in the market and look at their mouth, how they speak,
an then they’ll understand and see that you’re
speaking to them in German. （重复谓语动词）
你一定要问一问家庭主妇们，问一问街头玩耍的孩子，问一问集市上做买卖的百姓，听听他们说些什么，他们如何说，你就如何译；这样他们就会理解，就会明白：你是在用德语和他们讲话。
2. We have to analyze and solve problems. (重复宾语)
我们必须分析问题，解决问题。
3. Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.
(重复省略的部分)
无知是畏惧之源，羡慕之根。
4. But we still have defects, and very big ones. (指代内容的重复)
但我们仍有不足，而且是很大的不足。
5. The dog is chasing the cat which is chasing a rat which is
having a piece of cheese in its mouth.&
(指代内容的重复)
那条狗在追着那只猫，而猫又在追着一只老鼠，老鼠的嘴里衔着一块奶酪。
判断我们各方面工作的是非得失，归根到底，要以是否有利于发展社会主义的生产力，是否有利于增强我国的综合国力，是否有利于提高人民的生活水平为标准。
In the final analysis, the criterion for judging the success or
failure of our work in various fields is whether it helps to
develop the productive forces of socialist society, to strengthen
the overall capacity of the country and to improve the people’s
living standards.
7.&And I did not translate them as an interpreter,
but as an orator, keeping the same ideas and forms, or as one might
say, the ‘figures’ of thoughts, but in language which conforms to
our usage.(重复主语)
&我翻译这些演说词，不是作为译者而是作为演说家。我保留了原作同样的意思和形式（或者像有人所说的思想的‘形象’），而使用的语言与我们的语言习惯一致。
8.&"Woman is the gate of the devil, the path of
wickedness, the sting of the serpent, in a word a perilous object.”
(重复谓语)
女人是罪恶之门、邪恶之径、毒蛇之牙，总之，女人是件危险的东西。
9.&And it is imagined by many that the operations
of the common mind can be by no means compared with these
processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special
许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。(重复谓语动词)
10.&I had experienced oxygen and /or engine
我曾碰到过，不是氧气设备了故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障（重复名词）
11.&The three most important effects of an
electric current are heating, magnetic and chemical effects.
电流的三种最重要的效应是热效应、磁效应和化学效应。
12.&Alternating stress not only varies in
magnitude but also in direction.
角变应力不仅大小不同，而且方向不同。
13.&This is “good” ozone because it protects us
from the sun’s UV rays.
这是良性臭氧，因为这部分臭氧保护我们免遭太阳紫外线的伤害。
14. This is “good” ozone because it protects us from the sun’s UV
rays. (UV: ultraviolet)
这是良性臭氧，因为这部分臭氧保护我们免遭太阳紫外线的伤害。
2.2.2增词法(amplification)
在翻译中为了使译文通顺易懂，或是为了行文生动，更符合目的与的语言习惯而采取的增加部分解释性词语、连接词、类属词、概括性词语和代词的做法叫增词法(amplification)。
1. The boxes, being museum quality, would have increased in worth
over the years, and made people remember me “with growing
appreciation.”
参考译文：九只盒子，都足以当作文物收藏在博物馆里，随着岁月流逝，它们的价值还会越来越高，人们也会因而记住我，“越来越欣赏”我。
&&& 2. The
subsequent generations of this family grew impoverished by a
combination of drought, extortion, and too many gifts to opera
girls, all of which led to their losing face and their
参考译文：在接下来的几代中，因为遭遇旱灾，被人勒索，再加上给优伶的封赏太多，这个家族便最终资财耗尽，风光不再了。
3.&The men squatted in their dark-colored logyis,
the ever-present cheroots clenched between their teeth.
参考译文：男人们穿着深色的袍裙，蹲坐在那里，嘴里总是叼着烟。
4.&His consideration of the Bible with the
language of ordinary people and his consideration of translation in
terms of focusing on the TL and the TT reader were crucial in his
translation.
他注重使用民众的语言来翻译圣经，注重为目的语和目的语文本的读者考虑，这两点在他的翻译中很关键。
5.&Formal education for girls historically has
been secondary to that for boys.
历史上，先有男孩子接受正规教育，之后才有女孩子接受正规教育。
6.&When she began her career as a nightclub
singer, she took the professional name Maya Angelou, combining her
childhood nickname with a form of her husband's name.
她的职业生涯是从夜总会的女歌手开始的，那时她给自己起了个艺名——玛雅
安琪露，这个名字融合了她孩提时代的绰号以及丈夫的名字。
7.&　This plan with all its disadvantages is
considered to be one of the best.　
尽管有种种不周全之处，这个计划仍被认为是最佳计划之一。
8.&Flowers bloom all over the yard.
朵朵鲜花满院盛开。
10. Read co writing an
exact man.
读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人严谨。
11. 不要重复叶公好龙那个故事，讲了多少年的社会主义，临到社会主义跑来找他，她又害怕起来了。（《毛泽东选集》，第五卷）
The story of Lord Ye who professed to love dragons should not be
repeated. One must not just talk about socialism for years and then
suddenly turn pale when socialism comes knocking at the door.
12. 只是晚上躺在床上的时候，她才感到神志清醒。
It is only during the night when she lies in bed that she feels she
has a clear mind.
14.&Day after day he came to his work——sweeping,
scrubbing, cleaning.
他每天来干活——扫地，擦桌椅，清理房间。
15.& 一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三人帮。
A bamboo fence needs the support of three stakes, and an able man
needs the help of three other persons.
& Stakes make a bamboo fence stand, and supporters
help an able man succeed.
2.2.3省略法(omission)
省略法(omission)是为了行文的简洁和更符合目的与习惯，将一些重复的词语或一些已被涵盖的意义省去的翻译方法，而原文的意义并未因此受到任何损失。
1. When she could no longer decide, she became depressed. Whenever
Dwight picked up the baby to take him to his place or to the
doctor’s for a checkup, she felt relief.
她无法抉择，心情压抑，而前夫马赛一把孩子接走或是送到诊所接受检查，她就会有一种轻松感。
&&& 2. Rupert
with his flexible young knees sat in a hunch-and-crouch pose in
imitation of the natives.
鲁珀特年龄小，双膝柔韧，学着当地人的样子，弓背缩身地跪坐着。
3. Stainless steel possess good hardness and high strength.
译文：不锈钢硬度大，强度高。
4. Penicillin works by not allowing a bacterium to build its cell
&青霉素的作用是不让细菌制造细胞壁。
5. This is the solid rocky bottom under the ooze and mud of the
ocean floor.
&海底软泥和泥层下面是坚硬的岩石层。
6. There is a 30% increase of our installed capacity with this
今年，我们的装机容量增加了30%。
7. 在工作中，我们必须避免犯不必要的的错误。
We must avoid making mistakes in our work.
9.&质子带阳电，电子带阴电，而中子既不带阳电也不带阴电。
A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative charge,
but a neutron has neither.
10. He put his hand into his pockets and then shrugged his
shoulders.
他双手插进口袋，耸了耸肩。
10.&Smoking is not allowed in the
store-house.
仓库重地，严禁吸烟。
2.2.4词类转换法(conversion)
词类转换法(conversion)是基于两种语言习惯的不同，在翻译中保留词语意义而改变此类的做法。
1. Maya Angelou returned to America in 1964, with the intention of
helping Malcolm build his new Organization of African American
玛雅 安琪露于1964年返回美国，打算帮助马尔科尔木新建立一个非裔美籍人联合会。
2. Shortly after her arrival in the United States, Malcolm was
assassinated, and his plans for a new organization died with
马尔科尔木来美不久即遭暗杀，他筹建新组织的计划也随即夭亡。
3. His (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.) assassination, falling on her
birthday in 1968, left her devastated（蹂躏，破坏；使荒废）.
1968年她生日那天，小马丁路德金被人暗杀，她痛不欲生。
4. There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no
longer interested in spelling.
　　译文：学生家长普遍认为学校不再对教单词拼写感兴趣。
　　5. He was popular among young people.
　　译文：他在年轻人中很受欢迎。
　　6. We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients
who were not told of the illness were quite aware of its potential
outcome.
译文：给我们留下极深印象的是：即便那些没有被告知其病情的病人对其疾病的潜在后果也非常清楚。
7. 学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。
All the students should develop morally, intellectually and
physically.
(名词转副词)
8. 由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。
&&& Thanks to
the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our
comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词)
&&& 9. The
imitation of living systems, be it direct or indirect, is very
useful for devising machines, hence the rapid development of
对生物系统的模仿，不管是直接的还是间接的，对机械设计都很有用，因此仿生学得以快速发展。
10. Abraham Lincoln wanted to build a government of the people, by
the people, and for the people.
林肯想建立一个民有民治民享的政府。
11. A valuable instrument may be damaged beyond repair in a few
seconds of carelessness.
由于疏忽大意，贵重的仪表可在几秒钟之内被损坏到无法修复的程度。
疏忽几秒钟，贵重的仪表就可能会彻底损坏，无法修复。
11.&Some of my class-mates are good singers.
我的同班同学中有些人唱歌唱的很好。
12.&Party officials worked long hours on meager
food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.
党的干部吃简陋的饮食，住寒冷的窑洞，靠微弱的灯光，长时间的工作。
党的干部长时间地工作，而他们吃的是粗陋的饭菜，住的是寒冷的窑洞，点的是昏暗的油灯。
13.& Stevenson was eloquent and elegant—— but
史蒂文森有口才，有风度，但很软弱。
14.&The Wilde family were religious.
王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。
15.&He is no smoker, but his father is a
chain-smoker.
他不抽烟，可他爸爸却是个老烟枪。
2.2.5顺序调整法(inversion)
为避免字对字，行对行翻译所产生的弊端，翻译中要根据目的与习惯进行词序和句内结构的调整，但顺序调整后的译文不能偏离原文的句子重心。
1. During the early history of the United States, a man virtually
owned his wife and children as he did his material
possessions.
在美国早期历史上，男人就像拥有个人物质财产一样完全拥有自己的妻子和孩子。
2. The medical profession is an example of changed attitudes in the
19th and 20th centuries about what was regarded as suitable work
for women.
关于什么是适合于女人的工作，19和 20世纪的人们态度发生了转变，其中一例就是对于医疗职业态度的转变。
3.It also plays an important role in making the earth more
habitable, as& warm& ocean
currents bring milder temperatures to places that would otherwise
be quite cold.
由于温暖的洋流能把温暖的气候带给那些本来十分寒冷的地区并使之变暖, 因此,
海洋在使我们这个地球更适合人类居住方面也扮演一个重要的角色（原因状语从句 ）
&4. Time goes fast for one who has a sense of
beauty, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana
on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you catch!
当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里，又有个年轻的狄安娜在池边好奇的接受你捉上来的任何东西的时候，如果你懂得什么叫美的话，时间是过得很快的！
要是你和一群可爱的孩子在池塘中捉鱼摸虾，有位天仙般的姑娘站在池边，快活地捡起你们的“战利品”，你若知美，定会觉得时间如白驹过隙，一晃即逝。(逆序法)
& 5. while the present century was in its teens,
and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great
iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for a young ladies, on
Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing
harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig,
at the rate of four miles an hour.
(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。在六月的一天早上，天气晴朗，启斯维克林荫道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。拉车的两匹马套着锃亮的马具，一个肥胖的车夫戴了假发和三角帽子，赶车的速度是一小时四英里。（分译法）
& 6. Maggie will be nervous until after her sister
goes: she will stand hopelessly in corners, homely and ashamed of
the burn scars down her arms and legs, eying her sister with a
mixture of envy and awe.
麦琪的姐姐不走麦琪就不会不紧张：她会无助的蜷缩在角落里，她相貌平平，双臂双腿上尽是烧伤的疤痕，让她羞于见人。她打量着姐姐，眼神很复杂，既羡慕她又畏惧她。(顺译法)
& 7. The din of the stall-holders crying their
wares, of donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by
shouting vigorously, and would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining
is continuous and makes you dizzy.
摆摊的高声吆喝，兜售自己的商品，赶驴的小伙和脚夫扯开嗓门，叫前面的人开道儿让路，买主和店家争来争去、讨价还价，人声喧噪，持续不断，让人头昏脑晕。
&& 8. Translating consists in
reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent
of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and
secondly in terms of style.
翻译就是在译入语中用最贴近的自然对等语再现源语信息，首先要考虑的是意思，其次才是形式。（顺译法）
& 9. Baker is typical of many translation scholars
who make detailed use of the terminology of functional grammar and
discourse analysis in that she devotes by far the most attention to
the textual function.
在详细运用功能语法和语篇分析术语的众多翻译学家中，贝克很有代表性，因为到目前为止她是最关注语篇功能的学者。
10.&Linguistic differences are of course
indicative of cultural differences, and Venuti is one critic who
sees linguistics-oriented approaches as projecting ‘a conservative
model of translation that would unduly restrict (translation’s)
role in cultural innovation and change’.
语言的差异当然表明着文化的差异，韦努提批评语言学导向的研究方法使用的保守翻译模式，它限制了翻译促进文化创新和发展的作用。
11. Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural
materials because either the quantity of the natural products can
not meet our ever-increasing requirement, or more often, because
the physical property of the synthetic substance, which is the
common name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even
emphasized, so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields
in which it is to be applied.
合成材料通常称为人造材料。许多人造材料正逐步取代某些天然材料，这或许是因为天然制品的数量不能满足人们日益增长的需求，但更多的则是因为人们看中了合成材料的某种物理性能，并充分发挥这些性能，以便使合成材料在其应用领域中最大限度地发挥作用。（综合法）
12. From radio-active water and soil around a nuclear-weapons plant
in Colorado to man-made deserts in Soviet Central Asia, the world
is peppered with examples of what poor education or unneighborly
attitudes can do to the planet that must feed and clothe us
如果人们受教育不够或不能善待环境，他们会对人类赖以生存的这个星球做出些什么事来呢？全世界到处都有这样的例子：从科罗拉多州核武器工厂周围幅射活跃的水土到原苏联中亚地区的人为沙漠。（逆译法）
2.2.6拆译法(division)与合译法（combination）
这种方法是指为符合汉语流水句的习惯而将英语中过长的句子结构进行拆解或合并的翻译方法。
1. This intuition that looks matter little may be another instance
of our denying real influences upon us, for there is now a file
drawer full of research studies indicating that appearance is a
powerful determinant of initial attraction.
这种认为外貌并不重要的直觉行为，也许是我们否认对我们真正有影响的事物的又一个例子，因为有大量的调查研究的结果表明，外表是最初是否引人注意的重要决定因素。
2. The president, in giving to his most powerful and most
distinguished rival the greatest place which a president has in his
power to bestow, gave an excellent proof of the nobleness of his
own spirit.
译文：那位总统把自己的权力所能授予的职位，给予了他的最有势力、而又最为卓越的敌手。 这便是他的崇高精神的最好证据。
3. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it
difficult to continue agriculture in high-energy American fashion
that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high
　　这种困境将是确定无疑的, 因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方法继续下去了,
而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
4. .He did not remember his father who died when he was three years
　　他不记得他父亲了, 父亲死时他才三岁。
5. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an
environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her
capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater
intellectual development.
行为主义者认为，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境中成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。
6. He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed
up to two pounds each.
他居然种出了二百个奇迹般的西红柿，每个重达两磅。
7. Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness
and choking the shadows.
阳光射入了它所能透过的地方，赶走了黑暗，驱散了幽影。
阳光所到之处，黑暗尽消，幽影全无。
8. 中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。
&& China is a large country with
four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one
tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests
and places for urban and other uses.（合译）
9. My father was not wrong in judging me too young to manage
business of importance.
父亲认为我太年轻，难当重任。他的判断不错。
10.&She sat with her hands cupping her chin,
staring at a corner of the little kitchen.
她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。
11.& The military is forbidden to “kill” the
vessel, a relative easy task.
(政府)禁止军方“击毁”这艘潜艇，虽然要击毁该艇并不怎么费事。
12.& He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment
internationally.
他来到华盛顿，就国际形势来说，时机正合适。
13.& He was very clean. His mind was open.
他为人单纯而坦率。
14.& 芸作新妇，初甚缄默，终日无怒容，与之言，微笑而已。
As a bride, Yun was very quiet at first. She was never sullen or
displeased, and when people spoke to her, she merely smiled.
15.&如今没奈何，把你雇在间壁人家放牛，每月可以得他几两银子，你又有现成饭吃，只在明日就要去了。（吴敬梓《儒林外史》）
There’s no way out but to set you to work looking after our
neighbour’s buffalo. You’ll make a little money every month, and
you’ll get your meals there too. You are to start tomorrow.
2.2.7正说反译和反说正译法(negation)
这种方法是指为照顾目的语习惯，原语中肯定的或否定的表达可以转换成目的语中否定的或肯定的表达。
1.&One by one, these friends, acquaintances, and
strangers from the different times of my shortened life stood by
the casket to say farewell,adieu,zaijen.
参考译文：在我提前结束的生命里，我在不同时期所结交的朋友，认识的熟人，还有一些陌生人，都一一走到我的棺材前，操着不同的语言跟我说“再见”。
2. And before Marlena could lash into him for such a callous remark
, he aimed his finger toward the other side of the lobby.
参考译文：不等朱马琳指责他对别人漠不关心，他便朝大厅的另一头指了指。
3. The major reason given was that the girls' own expectations
declined because neither their families nor their teachers expected
them to prepare for a future other than that of marriage and
motherhood.
主要原因是姑娘们对自己的期望降低了，因为无论家人还是老师都只是期望她们将来能找个好婆家，做个好妈妈。
4. The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the
expression of the necessary mode of working of the human
&［译文］：科学研究的方法只是人类思维活动的必要表达方式。
5. It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price.
(开这么高的价，简直是敲竹杠。)
&&& 6. You
cannot attach too much importance to the matter.
(你应该非常重视这件事情。)
& 7. He is no less clever than his brother.
(他和他兄弟一样聪明。)
9. The man over there is none other than our principal.
(站在那儿的人正是我们的校长。)
10.&Until diamonds are cut and polished, they do
not sparkle like those you see on a ring—they just look like small,
blue-grey stones.
钻石在被切割和磨光以前，人像钻戒上的钻石那样闪闪发光——它们看看起来更像一块块深灰色的小石头。
11.&无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。
She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译)
She is anything but a bright student. (反译)
12.&Yet the process of achieving gender equality
is still an on going one.
然而争取男女平等的过程仍是一项未竟之业。
然而争对取男女平等的追求一直未停。
13.& I’m blest if I know.
我一点也不知道。
14.& He was an indecisive sort of person and
always capricious.
他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。
15.& Miss Fairlie kept to her room all day.
范俐小姐整日足不出户。
2.2.8语态变换法(voice changes)
英语被动句多与汉语，因而翻译是要进行相应的语态调整。
1.&In some of the European countries, the people
are given the biggest social benefits such as medical
insurance.
在有些欧洲国家里，人民享受最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。（被动语态转主动语态）
2.&The robot sifter has been put into use.
自动筛机已投入使用。
3.&&& The shell
parts of reactor pressure vessels have been often fabricated with
formed plates welded together.
反应堆压力容器的壳体常常由成型钢板焊接而成。
4.&& All the sounds are fed into
a computer and analyzed.
把所有的声音输入电脑进行分析。
&& 5. It would be astonishing if
that loss were not keenly felt.
如果人们不强烈地感受到损失，那倒是奇怪了。
6. They were given a hearty welcome.
他们受到热烈欢迎。
7. I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a
Christmas card.
我为这些话深深感动，后来我就把它们写在圣诞卡上。
8. Last year the region was visited by the worst drought in 60
去年该地区遭遇了六十年一遇的旱灾。
9. The ship was destined for London.
这艘船开往伦敦。
10. Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of
water in the sky.
阳光穿过空气中的小水珠就形成了彩虹。
2.2.9 引申法
&&& 1. It is not
easy to become a member of that club——they want people who have
plenty of money to spend, not just every Tom, Dick and
Harry.
　　误译：要加入个俱乐部并不容易——他们要的是有钱花的人，不只是汤姆、迪克和哈利等。
正确译文：要加入那个俱乐部并不容易——他们要的是有钱花的富人，不是随便哪个平民百姓。
2.&Dogs don’t speak in the future tense. They live
in the moment.
狗不顾将来，只管眼前。
&3.I visited various par and
had I merely a lover of fine scenery, I should have felt little
desire to seek elsewhere its gratification, for on no country have
the charms of nature been more prodigally lavished. Her mighty
lakes like oce her mountains with their bright
her valleys, teeming her
tremendous cataracts, thunderin her boundless
plains, waving with her broad deep rivers,
rolling in solemn
her trackless forests,
where vegetation puts forth
her skies,
kindling with the magic of summer clouds and glorious sunshine, ——
no, never need an American look beyond his own country for the
sublime and beautiful of natural scenery.
我游遍祖国山河，如果单是为欣赏美景，那我就犯不着去别处寻找这种欲望的满足感；因为在没有别的国家象美国这样有如此迷人的自然景色了：广阔的湖泊，如银波闪耀的大海；崇山峻岭，铺上空灵爽朗的色彩；深邃的峡谷，繁茂的草木；鸟兽众多，激荡的瀑布在寂静的荒原中轰鸣而下；无边的平原，连绵起伏，蓊蓊郁郁；深而宽阔的河流，浩浩荡荡，无声无息地奔流入海；人迹罕至的森林，处处显露着豪爽的景观；夏日的天空，云朵变幻莫测，阳光灿烂——
不，一个美国人永远不必去国外寻找宏伟壮丽的美景！
3.&Youth i it is a state of
it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red l
it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor
it is the freshness of the deep springs of
青春不只是人生的一个阶段；它是一种心境。它不是指红润的脸颊，红色的嘴唇和柔软弯曲的膝盖；而是指意志力、丰富的想象力、充沛的情感。它是生命深泉之清新。
青春不是年华，而是心态；青春不是粉面、红唇、柔膝，而是坚强的意志，恢弘的想象，炙热的恋情；青春是生命深泉的自在涌流。
5. Every life has its roses and thorns.
每个人的生活都有甜有苦。
6. New York is not Mecca to me.
& 纽约不是我心中的圣城。
& 纽约不是我向往的地方。
2.2.10 句子成分转译
英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，在具体英译汉时，有时往往需要转换一下句子成分，才能使译达到逻辑正确、通顺流畅、重点突出等目的。句子成分转译作为翻译的一种技巧，其内容和形式都比较丰富，运用范围也相当广泛，共包括五个方面的内容。
1、主语转译技巧，可以将句子的主语转译成汉语中的定语、宾语、状语等。
The wings are responsible for keeping the sir plane in the
机翼的用途是使飞机在空中保持不坠。（转译成定语）
To get all the stages off the ground ,a first big push is
为了使火箭各级全部离开地面，需要有一个巨大的第一次推力。（转译成宾语）
Machinery has made the products of manufactories very much cheaper
than formerly.
因为有了机械的缘故，工厂里出的产品比起以前来，价格便宜多了。（转译成状语）
2、谓语转译技巧。可以将谓语转译成定语。
Radar works in very much the same way as the flashlight
.雷达的工作原理和手电筒极为相同。
3、宾语转译技巧。可以将宾语转译成主语。
Automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but appear in
a variety of forms.
各种自动车床的作用基本相同，但形式不同
4、定语转译技巧。定语可以转译成谓语和状语。
Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.
中子的质量略大于质子的质量。（转译成谓语）
Scientists in that county are now supplied with necessary books
,equipment and assistant ,that will ensure success in their
scientific research.
现在已给该县科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手，以保证科研工作的成功。（转译成状语）
Hardened steel contains high carbon content which reacts with the
diamond and thus causes serious wear of the diamond tool.
因为淬硬钢材含有高碳成分，从而与金刚石产生化学反应，这样便导致金刚石刀具的严重磨损。
5、状语转译技巧。状语转译一般指的是状语从句的转译。它可分作把时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句，把地点状语从转译成条件状语从句和把原因状语从句转译成困果偏正复句中的主语等三种形式。
These three colors, red, green, and violet, when combined, produced
红色、绿色和紫色这三种颜色如果合在一起就变成白色。（时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句）
Where there is nothing in the path of beam of light ,nothing is
如果光束通道上没有东西，就什么也看不到。（地点状语从句转译成条件状语从句）
Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to
his opinion.
他深信这件事正确可靠，因此坚持已见。（原因状语从句转译成因果偏正复合句中的主句）
1. “Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene,
and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished for ever.
Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does
not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the
plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord
of all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the
bare minimum that will prevent them from starving, and the rest he
keeps for himself.”
&& 2. I think there are four
great motives for writing, at any rate for writing prose. They
exist in different degrees in every writer, and in any one writer
the proportions will vary from time to time, according to the
atmosphere in which he is living. They are:
1. Sheer egotism. Desire to seem clever, to be talked about, to
be remembered after death, to get your own back on grown-ups who
snubbed you in children, etc. etc.
2. Aesthetic enthusiasm. Perception of beauty in the external
world, or, on the other hand, in words and their right arrangement.
Pleasure in the impact of one sound on another, in the firmness of
good prose or the rhythm of a good story. Desire to share an
experience which one feels is valuable and ought not to be
3. Historical impulse. Desire to see things as they are, to find
out true facts and store them up for the use of posterity.
4. Political purpose - using the word 'political' in the widest
possible sense. Desire to push the world in a certain direction, to
alter other people's idea of the kind of society that they should
strive after.
It can be seen how these various impulses must war against one
another, and how they must fluctuate from person to person and from
time to time. By nature - taking your nature to be the state you
have attained when you are first adult - I am a person in whom the
first three motives would outweigh the fourth. In a peaceful age I
might have written ornate or merely descriptive books, and might
have remained almost unaware of my political loyalties. As it is I
have been forced into becoming a sort of pamphleteer.
Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has
been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and
for democratic Socialism, as I understand it. It seems to me
nonsense, in a period like our own, to think that one can avoid
writing of such subjects. It is simply a question of which side one
takes and what approach one follows.
以上网友发言只代表其个人观点，不代表新浪网的观点或立场。