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This article is about the employment arrangement.
For other uses, see .
An au pair with two children. Au pairs take on responsibilities involving both children and housework for a host family.
An au pair (plural: aux pairs) is a domestic assistant from a foreign country working for, and living as part of, a . Typically, aux pairs take on a share of the family's responsibility for
as well as some , and receive a monetary
for personal use. Au pair schemes are subject to government restrictions which specify an age range usually from mid-late teens to
some countries explicitly limit the scheme to females. In Europe, where the concept originated, aux pairs are only supposed to work part-time, and they often also study part-time, generally focusing on the language of the host country, but in the United States, they are permitted to provide full-time childcare. In 1969, the
was signed, and it came into force in 1971.
The title comes from the
term au pair, meaning "at par" or "equal to", indicating that the relationship is intended to be one of equals: the au pair is intended to become a member of the family, albeit a temporary one, rather than a traditional .
Although it is not as simple to acquire au pair status as it was in 1840, the expression was used to indicate economic parity between the "employer" and their "employee". The expression au pair was used in this sense in 1840 by :
Sylvie Rogron fut envoyée à cent écus de pension en apprentissage....Deux ans après, elle était au pair: si elle ne gagnait rien, ses parents ne payaient plus rien pour son logis et sa nourriture (BALZAC, Pierrette, 1840, p.17).
(Sylvie Rogron was sent out to an apprenticeship at an annual cost of one hundred ....After two years, she was an au pair; she wasn't earning anything, but at least her parents did not have to pay for her room and board. )
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The concept of the au pair originated in Europe after World War II. Before the war, an abundant supply of domestic servants had been available to look after the children of middle and upper-class families, but changes in social attitudes, and increases in wages and taxes after the war, made the old system inaccessible to most middle class parents. At the same time, social change increased the number of middle class girls who needed to earn their own living, and rising educational aspirations for girls made experiencing foreign cultures and learning foreign languages more common aspirations.
However, due to the stigma attached to being a "servant", an essentially working class status which even working-class people were repudiating, this potential supply for domestic labour could only be utilised if a new non-servant role was created. Thus the au pair was born. The au pair was supposed to be treated as a member of the family rather than a servant, and was not required to wear a uniform.
An au pair receives an allowance, and a private room. The usual practice is that au pairs eat with the family most of the time, and join in some of the usual family activities such as outings and trips. However, host families normally expect to have some private time to themselves, particularly in the evenings. During this time, an au pair might retire to his or her room to watch , study, or go out with friends. Provision is often made for the au pair to have time for studying, especially of the language of the host country. The
recommends that au pairs be issued standard
with their family.
Some au pairs are now male, but females remain the overwhelming majority. Many governments impose limits as to how many hours an au pair is allowed to work. Tasks can include taking children to and from school, taking children to after-school activities, cooking, cleaning, ironing, tidying up and babysitting. Each placement varies depending on the host family.
In many developing countries, an abundant supply of local domestic labour is still available, so there is little or no demand for au pairs.
Au pair relationships between host families and au pairs can be established through various means. Traditionally, au pair agencies located in a given host country have served as an intermediary between young people seeking to become au pairs and families in the country that are interested in hosting an au pair. Such agencies typically charge a fee to the host family for fulfilling an intermediary role between the host family and possible au pairs. The agency conducts some process of screening and evaluation of prospective au pairs and then proposes possible au pairs to the host families, who are their principal customers. Traditional agencies also assist with the arrangement of some of the bureaucratic formalities associated with an au pair visit.
In recent years, the basic function of bringing aspiring au pairs and interested host families together has increasingly been provided by websites that allow families and au pairs to post online profiles and search for each other directly on the basis of the information provided in these profiles. Such websites supplement this search functionality with various information offerings about au pair requirements in different countries as well as by providing user support for their registered users. Charges are made to users of such websites to allow a full exchange of the personal contact details necessary for finalizing an au pair placement.
This approach typically gives prospective au pairs and host families a wider range of choices and more direct control over the selection process than is possible through a traditional agency at a considerably lower price than traditional agencies charge. At the same time, use of such websites requires an aspiring host family or au pair to invest more personal effort in the search process and to make their selection and arrange the formalities of an au pair stay without the involvement of a third party.
Au pairs can be expected to do a combination of
duties. They are not responsible for housework that does not relate to the children’s or communal living areas that are kept tidy by all
members. The main au pair's duties are taking care of the
and entertaining them, as well as teaching the native tongue if this is required.
An au pair's duties may include:
waking the children
taking/collecting children to/from school
helping with school homework
playing with the children
taking the children on outings to parks, playgroups and other activities
preparing light meals for children and clean up after the meals
doing the children’s laundry and ironing their clothes
making the children’s beds
tidying up the children's toys
cleaning the children’s bathroom
An au pair does not have to:
manage the whole household
prepare meals for the parents
make the host parents' beds and clean their bathrooms
clean the floors
clean the windows
take care of the pets
do gardening
Until recently, au pair agencies in China exclusively sent young Chinese to the west to work as au pairs abroad, particularly for families who had adopted babies from China, to help them learn Chinese. China's rising middle class and economic growth have led to a growing demand for au pairs. This helps create opportunities to learn English at an early age, as well as the opportunity for mothers to return to work and have additional help in raising the children. However, the main goal for most families hiring au pairs is primarily to help their children as well as themselves learn English, as the mother has the biggest role in raising the children.
Australia has no official au pair program through the government. Nevertheless aux pairs are very popular in Australia. The visa most aux pairs apply for is the Working Holiday or Work and Holiday Visa, which provides working rights. Students, especially those who study English, often become aux pairs to immerse themselves into the language and culture of Australia. All visa information can be found on the .
Au pair arrangements in Australia are the most flexible and work hours vary from 10 to 60 hours per week. Au pair families can be found through agencies and also web portals. A web based platform which caters for Australian aux pairs of all ages and hours is .
Due to a shift from agency-led arrangements to self-matching some uncertainty about the whole process has become apparent. To ensure that a host family complies with hosting standards, a prospective au pair can ask about her membership number with the
for verification.
Aux pairs receive pocket money from families. This is usually based on the hours worked, but may also include factors like location, flexibility in the work schedule, weekend work, and also the option to pursue extra income or recognition of commitments the au pair may already have, like attending an English course.
The demi-pair program originated from language schools who arranged a homestay for their students, who, instead of paying for room and board, help with up to 20 hours a week of child care and light house duties. This proved to be a win-win situation for both the families having the extra set of hands and the demi-pair saving a substantial amount of money.
The demi-pair program has extended to non-students and appeals to a lot of au pairs who would rather immerse themselves fully into Australian life and use the spare time for finding separate employment.
More and more mature au pairs are entering the market. These are usually females aged about 45-70. These Granny au pairs usually stay with a family and lend a hand in the household and with the children, similar to demi-pairs.
As there is no regulation and/or official program for aux pairs in Australia, a summer stay can be freely arranged with any host family who is available during the requested time frame.
The tradition of au pairing is well established in Austria, and prospective au pairs are served by several agencies who are accustomed to dealing with direct applications from foreigners. Requirements are not strenuous, and many inexperienced 18-year-olds are placed. The norm is for the agencies to charge their au pairs a fee equivalent to a week’s pocket money.
Officially, au pairs from outside Europe must obtain both a work and residence permit (Besch?ftigungsbewilligung). The employing family should apply at their local employment office at least two weeks before the start date. Before the permit can be approved and an Anzeigebest?tigung issued, the authorities must see an agreement or contract (signed by the employer and the au pair) and proof that health and accident insurance cover has been obtained by the au pair. A template of the contract is available on the Austrian Employment Service website (www.ams.or.at/download/aupair-vertrag.pdf). The agency should help with this process and tell the au pair where to take the documents to be stamped (for a fee).
Providing childcare is the main responsibility of an au pair, though the host family nay also request some light housework. All tasks are defined in the official au pair contract and cannot be changed by the au pair or the host family.
Pocket money
In Belgium, an au pair is entitled to at least 450 euros pocket money per month, deposited to her bank account. The au pair is entitled to the full amount of monthly pocket money in cases of illness and during holidays.
The host family subscribes to health and accident insurance, as well as an insurance for potential repatriation costs for the au pair.
Board and lodging
The au pair receives free board and lodging, and is entitled to food and accommodation in cases of illness and holidays. She also has her own bedroom and key to the house.
Working hours
In Belgium, au pairs are not allowed to work more than 4 hours a day (babysitting hours included) and 20 hours per week, spread out over a maximum of 6 days a week.
An au pair in Belgium is entitled to at least one day off per week and at least one whole weekend a month.
Au pairs' holiday entitlement is not regulated in Belgium, but it is recommended that an au pair receives a minimum of 2 weeks' holiday.
Language course
An au pair must take part in a Dutch, French, or German language course (according to the region where) offered by an officially recognised institution – private tuition, distance learning courses, or private school courses are not accepted. An au pair without a basic knowledge of the host country's language will have to attend an intensive language course upon arriving in Belgium. The host family will also prepare a cultural programme.
An au pair’s responsibilities also include light housework totaling six hours a day, five days a week. The au pair has her/his own room, is provided with food, and is paid a weekly allowance amounting to at least 252 per month (minimum set by Finnish law). Additionally, the host family will arrange a Finnish or Swedish language course to help the au pair communicate better with the children and get more out of his or her stay in Finland. Au pairs can stay with their host family for up to one year or negotiate a shorter stay.
Au pairing has long been a favored way for young women to learn French and, increasingly, for young men as well. The pocket money for au pairs in France is Euro 60 per week, plus, in most cases, a 20 euro a week contribution in Paris families may also provide a carte Navigo (urban travel pass) which is worth 95 euros (approximately). Enrollment in a French language course is compulsory for non-European au pairs.
A number of established agencies belong to UFAAP, the Union Francaise des Associations Au Pair, an umbrella group set up in 1999, based at Europair Services in Paris.
Application criteria
Potential au pairs must:
Be aged 17–27.
Have basic skills in French.
Be able to commit to a period of at least 10 months (most host families prefer Au Pairs who can stay for the school year from September to June).
Attend French language classes while in France (this is a requirement to obtain the Long-Stay Au Pair Visa).
Many independent agents are members of the Au Pair Society which has two offices in Germany and more than 40 members. The
carries contact details for its members with links to agency web sites. Commercial au pair agencies do not charge a placement fee to incoming au pairs.
The Au-Pair Society e.V. is a member of the
(IAPA) and is also in a commettee ECAPS (European Committee for Au-Pair Standards) where members of National Organisation from several European countries have defined new Standards for Au-Pair programme in Europe.
Non-EU citizens no older than 24 can become au pairs through a German agency. Americans and Canadians do not need to apply for a residence and work permit before leaving
however, it is a general requirement that au pairs prove that they have studied German.
The monthly pocket money for an au pair in Germany was raised to 260 euros ($300+) in 2006. The majority of families also give their au pairs a monthly travel pass and other benefits such as a contribution to course fees or travel expenses.
Application criteria
Potential au pairs must:
Be 18–27 years old.
Have some child care experience.
Be a non-smoker and non-drug user. Some families will accept smokers.
Display basic conversational language ability Level A1.
Be able to make 6 to 12 month commitment. Shorter placements of three months can also be arranged but only for citizens of the European Union (not including new EU members as they need a work permit).
It is possible to apply independently through an Italian agency. There are many opportunities for au pairs during the summer holidays, when most Italians who can afford au pairs migrate to the coast or the mountains and take their helpers with them. The weekly pocket money for au pairs is average or above for Europe, starting at 75-95 euros for working 30 hours a week, and 100-130 euros for 40 hours, though many families in larger cities pay more than this.
Non-European nationals are not eligible for a Permesso di Soggiorno (stay permit) unless they arrive with the appropriate visa from the Italian embassy in their country. The best route is to obtain a student visa which permits the holder to work up to 20 hours per week (live-in or live-out). To obtain a long-stay visa, non-EU au pairs will need to enroll in and pay for an Italian language course at an approved school or college. The school registrar will issue a certificate which must then be stamped by the local police office (Questura). The visa will be valid only for the length of the course. The applicant must show sufficient insurance cover, a return air ticket, proof of accommodation stamped by the police and a contract specifying dates, pocket money and benefits stamped by the provincial labor office and/or the police.
American citizens cannot legally work as au pai the nulla osta will be denied because there are no labor agreements between the US and Italy in regards to au pairs. If the applicant is already in Italy she can check classified adverts in English language journals, many of which are published online such as
aimed at the expatriate community, and notice boards in English language bookshops, English-speaking churches, student travel agencies, and language school notice boards.
Placement period
An au pair in the Netherlands is allowed to stay for a maximum of one year.
Providing childcare and doing light household chores are the main responsibilities. A daily schedule of duties is drawn up by the host family.
Pocket money
In the Netherlands, an au pair receives 300-340 euros pocket money per month.
Board and lodging
An au pair receives free board and lodging, and is entitled to board and lodging in cases of illness and holidays.
Working hours
In the Netherlands, the weekly working schedule of an au pair must not exceed a total of 30 hours. She may never work more than 8 hours a day or more than 5 days per week. Additional babysitting for the host family or taking on a job on the side is also not allowed.
An au pair in the Netherlands is entitled to a minimum of t however, these days do not have to be consecutive.
An au pair in the Netherlands is entitled to a minimum of 2 weeks paid holiday per 12 months. She and the host family can take this value as a basis for calculating the amount of holiday in case of a shorter placement.
Language course/cultural exchange
An au pair is entitled to attend a language course. The host family assists in finding suitable offers within their area, and contributes 320 euros per year to a language course. The au pair programme in the Netherlands is explicitly designed for a cultural exchange. Therefore, the host family will help the au pair to experience Dutch culture through various cultural activities.
In 2010 there were 1509 au pairs working legally in Norway.
Payment was minimum 5200
every month in addition to mandatory
of "free travel [to and from Norway], insurance and
at a ". A new rule introduced on 1 July 2013 means a host family can lose the right to have an au pair for one, two, or five years if they fail to follow these regulations. If they commit an offence punishable by three months in prison or more, the host family quarantine could last up to ten years.
said that au pairs in Norway occasionally show up at
meetings, in the place of the parents of children.
The chance of arranging an au pair placement in Spain is good. The majority of jobs are in the cities and environs of Madrid and Barcelona, though jobs do crop up in resorts like Marbella and Tenerife from time to time. Several au pair agencies in Spain are associated with language schools such as Spanish Language Center in Marbella (Malaga), Centros Europeos Galve in Madrid, Kingsbrook in Barcelona, Crossing Limits in Seville, or ServiHogar in Cádiz province.
Most of the Spanish families do not request domestic task and the only requirement is that the au pair teach English to their children.
The minimum pocket money for au pairs is 55-60 euros a week. There are also opportunities for young people to stay with Spanish families in exchange for speaking English with the children without having any domestic or childcare duties.
Americans and Canadians who wish to work as au pairs should apply for a student visa before leaving home. Officially, the Embassy requires both an offer of employment from the family and a letter from the school where the au pair will enroll to study Spanish for at least 15 hours a week.
The applicant must be a female between the ages of 17 (18 in Geneva) and 29 from Western Europe, North America, Australia, or New Zealand, stay for a minimum of one year and a maximum of 18 months, and attend a minimum of three hours a week of language classes in Zürich, four in Geneva. Families in most places are required to pay half the language school fees of 500-1,000 Swiss francs for six months.
Au pairs in Switzerland work for a maximum of 30 hours per week, plus babysitting once or twice a week. The monthly salary varies among cantons but the normal range is 590-740 Swiss francs after all deductions for tax and health insurance have been made.
Au pairs now mainly come to the UK from the
under European freedom of movement regulations. There are arrangements for Romanian and Bulgarian nationals wanting to come to the UK as au pairs.
Historically, au pairs came to the UK under an Au Pair
category, which was closed in November 2008
when a new points based system was introduced, which included a Youth Mobility Scheme under tier 5 of the points based system
for the nationals of Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand and Monaco.
In the UK, there are many au pair agencies that provide assistance to families looking to engage au pairs. These agencies are all privately owned and are not regulated by the UK government.
was established to set standards for the au pair industry and to promote au pair programmes as rewarding cultural exchange experiences. The BAPAA website contains guidelines for au pairs and families on typical hours, pocket money and types of au pair duties.
BAPAA members are listed on the website and must meet firm business and ethical standards and agree to abide by BAPAA's , which signifies competence, fair dealing, and high integrity.
Au pair programs do not exist here in the same format as the rest of the world. The Canadian government has the
program, which has broader requirements than the au pair program. Standard qualifications are regulated federally, though conditions of employment are determined at a provincial level. Requirements include a minimum of 6 months of training or 1 year of compatible employment within the last 3 years, though exceptions and additional stipulations do apply. Such regulations and complicating bureaucratic procedures are the driving force behind the creation of live-in caregiver (or ) placement agencies, who act as a mediator between families, caregivers, and the government - providing support for documentation and advice on the program.
Interest in the Au Pair Program in the United States began in 1987 when two educational and cultural exchange agencies were designated by the
(USIA) to conduct a program under the
that would allow foreign nationals the opportunity to live with an American host family and participate directly in the home life of the host family. After testing the program with approximately 200 Au Pairs, Congress instructed that the program be continued and the Au Pair Program was officially enacted in 1989. In that same year, the program was expanded to include four additional agencies and collectively, these agencies became the original six government designated .
au pair program offers qualified young people the opportunity to live and study in the U.S. for one or two years in exchange for providing up to 45 hours of childcare per week. The au pair program was recently granted permission from the
to offer a second year extension au pair program (6, 9 or 12 months), as well as a summer au pair program.
At the same time, the au pairs are required to complete an educational component of six semester hours of
or its equivalent. At the end of one year, au pairs generally return to their home country, unless they and their host families choose to extend their stay for a further 6, 9, or 12 months. Alternatively, the au pair can choose to extend her period in the US with a different family. Most au pairs choose a family in a different part of the country, allowing them to have a new experience.
In the US, au pairs are provided a private bedroom, meals, remuneration tied to the
($195.75 per week as of 24 July 2009), 11/2 days off weekly plus a full weekend off each month, two weeks' paid vacation, and the first $500 toward the costs of required course work to be completed at an accredited institution of higher education in order to satisfy the requirements of the educational component of the program. Au pairs are not to work more than 10 hours per day or 45 hours per week, and are not to serve as general housekeepers or assume responsibility for .
The US EduCare Au Pair Program is also available for families with school-age . In this program, the au pair works a lower number of hours (not more than 10 hours a day and not more than 30 hours a week) for a weekly minimum wage of $132.64 (raised to $146.81 on 24 July 2009 in accordance with the federal minimum wage increases). The family pays $1000 in educational expenses, and the au pair is required to complete 12 hours of academic credit.
Au pairs placed with families who have children under two years old must have at least 200 hours of child care experience with infants under two. Au pairs may only be placed in a family with an infant under three months old if a parent or other adult caregiver is also home and fully responsible for the infant.
The Au Pair Program is administered by the . Participating families and au pairs must work with one of the currently 12 . Au pairs enter the United States on a .
According to the , an au pair will almost always be a nonresident alien, and will be required to file a tax return on
to report his or her au pair wages. These wages, however, are not usually subject to social security and Medicare taxes because of the au pair's status as a J-1 nonimmigrant and as a nonresident alien. However, if the au pair had previously been in the United States as a student, teacher, trainee, or researcher in F, J, M, or Q nonimmigrant status, then the au pair might be a resident alien during his current stay in the United States, and might be subject to social security and Medicare taxes if his annual au pair wages exceed the applicable dollar threshold found in IRS Publication 926. If the au pair is a resident alien and his or her annual au pair wages exceed the applicable dollar threshold, then the host family must withhold social security and Medicare taxes and report them on Schedule H of Form 1040 and on Form W-2. The host family must apply for an Employer Identification Number (EIN) if it is required to withhold tax and file Form W-2.
Potential au pairs must:
be aged 18–26
have professional or practical childcare experience for at least 200 hours if looking after a child under 2
agree to commit to a full year’s stay in the USA and be prepared to provide up to 45 hours of childcare a week
have completed their secondary school education.
be proficient in spoken English
have no criminal record
Au pairs in the United States are categorized by program types. Most
classify au pairs by the following programs:
Standard Au Pair Program
The Standard Au Pair program is the most popular program available. Standard au pairs can work up to 45 hours per week and no more than 10 hours per day. They are paid the standard stipend amount and fulfill the minimum educational requirement of 6 hours of academic credit or its equivalent during the program year. Families hosting standard au pairs are required to provide (up to) the first $500 toward the cost of the au pair's academic course work. Standard au pairs are usually available for a full year commitment and have a variety of qualifications. If a family has a child under the age or two, the au pair has to have at least 200 hours of experience. Cost range between $7–8/hr.
Professional Au Pair Program
The Professional Au Pair program is for families who need more than just a babysitter and have higher child care needs, due to a new baby, multiple children or children with special needs. Professional au pairs have degrees in child care related fields such as pre-school teacher, pediatric nursing or occupational therapy for children or one year full-time experience with children. A professional au pair can work up to 45 hours per week and no more than 10 hours per day. They are paid a higher stipend amount and fulfill the minimum educational requirement of 6 hours of academic credit or its equivalent during the program year. Families hosting professional au pairs are required to provide (up to) the first $500 toward the cost of the au pair's academic course work. Professional au pairs are usually available for a full year commitment and have a variety of qualifications. Cost are typically higher for a special needs au pair.
The Educare Program
The Educare Program was created as an option for families with school aged children or families looking for part-time child care. According to the , the Educare Au Pair Program applies to families who require childcare before and after school and may not be placed with families that have preschool aged children except if other, full-time childcare plans have been made.
Educare au pairs may work no more than 10 hours per day, and a maximum of 30 hours per week. Au Pairs participating in the Educare component receive 75 percent of the weekly rate paid to non-Educare participants. Educare au pairs must complete a minimum of 12 hours of academic credit or its equivalent during their program year. The host family is required to provide (up to) the first $1,000 toward the cost of the au pair's required academic course work.
The Extension Program
When the Au Pair Program started in the United States in 1989, au pairs were only allowed to stay in the country and work as au pairs for a 12-month period. In 2006, the U.S. Department of State allowed Aa pairs to legally extend their stay and work for 6, 9, or 12 additional months.
The program’s regulations state that the Department of State may approve extensions for the au pair participants. The request for an extension beyond the maximum duration of the initial 12-month program must be submitted electronically to the Department of Homeland Security's Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS) no less than 30 calendar days prior to the expiration of the exchange visitor's initial authorized stay in any program.
Repeat participation
In 2008, the U.S. Department of State re-designated the au pair requirements and regulations an added a repeat participation clause that states a foreign national who enters the United States as an au pair exchange visitor program participant and who has successfully completed his or her program is eligible to participate again as an au pair participant, provided that he or she has resided outside the United States for at least two years following completion of his or her initial au pair program.
The Au Pair Abroad Program (The Reciprocity Clause)
With the creation of the Au Pair Program in the United States in 1989, the U.S. Department of State also added a reciprocity clause in the general program requirements which states that in the conduct of their exchange programs, official au pair sponsor agencies shall make a good faith effort to achieve the fullest possible reciprocity in the exchange of persons.
Reciprocity means the participation of a US citizen in an educational and cultural program in a foreign country in exchange for the participation of a foreign national in the exchange visitor program. "Reciprocity" is inte unless otherwise specified, reciprocity does not require a one-for-one exchange or that exchange visitors be engaged in the same activity. For example, exchange visitors coming to the United States for training in American banking practices and Americans going abroad to teach foreign nationals public administration would be considered a reciprocal exchange, when arranged or facilitated by the same sponsor.
The Au Pair Summer Program (Discontinued)
The Au Pair Summer Program started in 2005, when the U.S. Department of State ran a 3-year pilot program. The program was extended for an additional year before it was discontinued in 2009. The Au Pair Summer Program faced logistical complications with DS-2019 forms, visa approvals around the world and lack of interest from American host families in this particular program. Summer au pairs were exactly like standard au pairs, except their visas were granted for only a few months instead of a full year. Since 2009, none of the 13 U.S. Department of State sponsor agencies are allowed to offer this program for families in the United States.
There are fourteen
designated by the State Department. Host families typically pay these agencies an application fee and a program fee which varies from $7,500 to $10,500, depending on the agency used. The program fees cover expenses related to the arrival of the au pair and compliance with regulations governing the program. These include airfare, medical insurance, mandatory 32-hour education session on child development and safety and other expenses. Au pairs pay fees which vary depending on the US agency and the home country agency they use (if they do not apply directly to the US agency).
Au Pair online profile
An online profile is one of the most important steps for any au pair searching for a family. Families using the profile to get to know the au pair before scheduling an interview. It is therefore crucial that au pairs have a professional profile that is accessible at all times with a fully working contact form. Au pairs need to be aware that having private information publicly available could be dangerous. It is therefore important to have a private working email.
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U.S. Department of State website. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
Change in US au pair stipends for minimum wage increase (US Department of State)
US State Department website. Retrieved April 2013.
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