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Paris, Banks of the Seine
Paris, Banks of the Seine
From the Louvre to the Eiffel Tower, from the Place de la Concorde to the Grand and Petit Palais, the evolution of Paris and its history can be seen from the River Seine. The Cathedral of Notre-Dame and the Sainte Chapelle are architectural masterpieces while Haussmann's wide squares and boulevards influenced late 19th- and 20th-century town planning the world over.
Paris, rives de la Seine
Du Louvre jusqu'& la tour Eiffel, ou de la place de la Concorde au Grand Palais et au Petit Palais, on peut voir l'&volution de Paris et son histoire depuis la Seine. La cath&drale Notre-Dame et la Sainte-Chapelle sont des chefs-d'&uvre d'architecture. Quant aux larges places et avenues construites par Haussmann, elles ont influenc& l'urbanisme de la fin du XIXe et du XXe si&cle dans le monde entier.
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source: UNESCO/ERI
巴黎塞纳河畔
从卢浮宫到埃菲尔铁塔，从协和广场到大小王宫，巴黎的历史变迁从塞纳河可见一斑。巴黎圣母院和圣礼拜堂堪称建筑杰作，而土耳其宽阔的广场和林荫道则影响着19世纪末和20世纪全世界的城市规划。
source: UNESCO/ERI
Берега Сены в Париже
Эволюция Парижа и вся его история могут быть прослежены на берегах реки Сена & от Лувра до Эйфелевой башни, и от площади Согласия до Большого и Малого дворцов. Собор Парижской Богоматери и Сент-Шапель являются шедеврами архитектуры, а широкие площади и бульвары Оссмана оказали влияние на градостроительство XIX-XX вв. по всему миру.
source: UNESCO/ERI
París (orillas del Sena)
La evoluci&n de la ciudad de Par&s y su historia se pueden contemplar recorriendo las orillas del Sena desde el museo del Louvre hasta la Torre Eiffel, pasando por la Plaza de la Concordia, el Grand Palais y el Petit Palais. Junto al r&o se alzan tambi&n la catedral de Notre-Dame y la Sainte Chapelle, dos obras maestras de la arquitectura g&tica. Las amplias plazas y avenidas trazadas en otras partes de la ciudad con arreglo al plan urban&stico de Haussmann sirvieron de modelo al ordenamiento urbano de muchas ciudades del mundo, a finales del siglo XIX y en el siglo XX.
source: UNESCO/ERI
パリのセーヌ河岸
Parijs, oevers van de Seine
Vanaf de rivier de Seine kan men de ontwikkeling van Parijs en ha van het Louvre tot de Eiffeltoren en van de Place de la Concorde tot het Grand en Petit Palais. De kathedraal van Notre-Dame en de Sainte Chapelle zijn architectonische meesterwerken, terwijl de grote pleinen en boulevards van Haussmann de stedenbouw aan het einde van de 19e en 20e eeuw over de hele wereld be?nvloed hebben. Parijs is een rivierstad, al sinds de eerste menselijke nederzettingen – van de prehistorische dagen en het dorp van de Parisii stammen – heeft de Seine zowel een defensieve als een economische rol gespeeld.
Bookseller on Banks of Seine, Paris, France
Bouquiniste sur les berges de la Seine, Paris, France
Antiquarbuchh?ndler, Haendler am Seine Ufer, Paris, Frankreich
The Banks of Seine between Pont de Sully and Pont d’Iéna and their surroundings are part of UNESCO World Heritage Site
Les Berges de la Seine entre le Pont de Sully et le Pont d’Iéna et leurs alentours font partie des Sites du Patrimoine Mondial de l’UNESCO
Die Seine Ufer zwischen den Brücken, Bruecken Pont de Sully und Iéna und ihre Umgebung geh?ren zum Welterbe der UNESCO
& M & G Therin-Weise
Long Description
The banks of the Seine are studded with a succession of masterpieces, including, in particular, Notre Dame and the Sainte Chapelle, Louvre, Palais de l'lnstitut, Les Invalides, Place de la Concorde, &Ecole Militaire, La Monnaie (Mint), Grand Palais des Champs Elys&es, Eiffel Tower and Palais de Chaillot. A number of them, such as Notre Dame and the Sainte Chapelle, were definitive references in the spread of Gothic construction, while the Place de la Concorde or the vista at the Invalides exerted influence on the urban development of European capitals. The Marais and &Ile Saint-Louis have coherent architectural ensembles, with highly significant examples of Parisian construction of the 17th and 18th centuries (H&tel Lauzun and H&tel Lambert on the &Ile St Louis), Quai Malaquais, and Quai Voltaire.
From the Louvre to the Eiffel Tower, from the Place de la Concorde to the Grand and Petit Palais, the evolution of Paris and its history can be seen from the River Seine. The Cathedral of Notre-Dame and the Sainte Chapelle are architectural masterpieces while Haussmann's wide squares and boulevards influenced late 19th- and 20th-century town planning the world over.
Paris is a river town. Ever since the first human settlements, from the prehistoric days and the village of the Parisii tribes, the Seine has played both a defensive and an economic role. The present historic city, which developed between the 16th (and particularly the 17th) centuries and the 20th century, translates the evolution of the relationship between the river and the people: defence, trade, promenades, etc.
The choice of the zone between Pont de Sully and Pont d'l&na is based on the age-old distinction between Paris upstream and Paris downstream. Upstream, beyond the Ars&nal, begins Paris the port and
downstream is the royal and subsequently aristocratic Paris, which had only limited commercial activity. It is this latter section of the city which was selected for the World Heritage List. The powerful hand of the state is extremely visible here through its constructions and the legislation in effect.
It can be seen how the site and the river were gradually brought under control with the articulation of the two islets, &Ile de la Cit& and &Ile Saint-Louis with the bank, the creation of north-south thoroughfares, installations along the river course, construction of quays, and the channelling of the river. Similarly, although the successive walls of the city have disappeared (the enceintes of Philippe-Auguste, Charles V, and the Fermiers G&n&raux), their traces may be read in the difference in size and spacing of the buildings (closer together in the Marais and the &Ile Saint-Louis, more open after the Louvre, beyond which are a greater number of major classic constructions laid along three perpendicular axes: Palais Bourbon-Concorde-Madeleine, Invalides-Grand and Petit Palais, Champ-de-Mars-&Ecole Militaire-Palais de Chaillot. The ensemble must be regarded as a geographical and historic entity. Today it constitutes a remarkable example of urban riverside architecture, where the strata of history are harmoniously superposed.
Haussmann's urbanism, which marks the western part of the city, inspired the construction of the great cities of the New World, in particular in Latin America. The Eiffel Tower and the Palais de Chaillot are living testimony of the great universal exhibitions, which were of such great importance in the 19th and 20th centuries. Source: UNESCO/CLT/WHC
Ile de France
N48 51 30 E2 17 39
Date of Inscription: 1991
Property :
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你可能喜欢modelling nitrogen transformations in the lower seine river and estuary (france): impact of wastewater release on oxygenation and n2o emission-在较低的塞纳河河口（法国）：模拟氮转换氧合和N2O排放的污水释放的影响-知来数据
&注：没有中文版本，只有英文版本
Abstract:</b
A model of the ecological functioning of a drainage network (RIVERSTRAHLER: Billen, G., J. Garnier & Ph. Hanset, 1994. Modelling phytoplankton development in whole drainage networks: the RIVERSTRAHLER model applied to the Seine river system.
Hydrobiologia, 289:119&#; Garnier, J., G. Billen & M. Coste, 1995. Seasonal succession of diatoms and Chlorophyceae in the drainage network of the river Seine: Observations and modelling.
Limnology and Oceanography. 40: 750&#), has been developed to describe nutrient (N, P, Si) transfer processes at the scale
of the whole Seine Basin taking into account human activities such as agricultural practices, waterscape and urban wastewater
management. Whereas the upstream basin is strongly influenced by intensive agriculture, leading to high nitrate concentrations,
the lower Seine River and estuary are densely populated. Paris and its suburbs represent alone up to 60% of the population
in the basin (10.106 inhabitants), causing large amounts of ammonium to be released by domestic effluents discharged downstream from Paris (of
which the Achères wastewater treatment plant &#8211;WWTP- treated up to 80%). The ammonium loading is completely nitrified in the upstream fluvial estuary (300 km farther the effluent
outlet), which leads to a strong oxygen deficit in summer. A conceptual representation of nitrification was constructed in
which microbial compartments were taken explicitly into account, and the intermediate production of N2O included. On this basis a physiological analysis of the two stages of the nitrification by nitrifying bacteria (ammonium
and nitrite oxidizing bacteria) was carried out, as a function of the controlling factors (O2, NH
Brion, N. & G. Billen, 1998. Une réévaluation de la méthode d'incorporation de 14HCO3 pour mesurer la nitrification autotrophe et son application pour
estimer les biomasses de bactéries nitrifiantes. Revue des Sciences de l'Eau, 11: 283&#; Cébron, A., J. Garnier & G. Billen
2005. Nitrous oxide production and nitrification kinetics by bacteria communities naturally present in river water (the lower
Seine, France). Aquatic Microbial Ecolology, 41: 25&#8211;38). A mathematical formulation of the kinetics and the parameters values
were incorporated into the general model of ecological functioning of the fluvial sector and freshwater estuary of the Seine
River. N2O emissions due to denitrification were also considered. Results from summer field studies between 1998 and 2003 were used
to validate the model which is able to reproduce the main spatial and temporal patterns of the activities of the microbial
nitrifying communities as well as the levels of oxygen and nitrogen forms (NH
N2O). Once validated, the model is used to examine the planned installation of a tertiary treatment at the Achères WWTP, scheduled
for 2007 (a 90% reduction by nitrification of the presently discharged ammonium, and a 30% reduction of the nitrate by denitrification).
The model shows that a nitrification treatment leads to a significant improvement in the oxygenation and a reduction of N2O emission. However, only further denitrification of urban effluents, expected in 2015, would significantly reduce the nitrogen
delivery to the coastal zone.
翻译后摘要:</b
A型的生态功能的排水网络（RIVERSTRAHLER：Billen，G.，J.卡尼尔，1994年博士Hanset。在整个排水网络应用的的塞纳河系统的RIVERSTRAHLER模型模拟浮游植物发展。?????????Hydrobiologia，289:119-137;：卡尼尔，J.，G. Billen＆M考斯特，1995年。硅藻和绿藻在塞纳河排水管网的观测和模拟的季节演替。?????????湖泊和海洋。 40：750-765），已经发展到描述养分（N，P，Si）的转移过程的规模?????????考虑到整个塞纳河流域人类活动，如农业的做法，水景和城市污水?????????管理。鉴于上游流域集约农业的强烈影响，导致硝酸盐浓度高，?????????较低的塞纳河河口人烟稠密。巴黎及其郊区代表单独的人口高达60％?????????在盆地（10.106居民），造成大量的铵被释放生活污水下泄从巴黎（的?????????其中的Achères污水处理厂的污水处理厂处理的高达80％）。在上游河流入海口（300公里更远的污水铵加载完全硝化?????????出口），从而导致在夏天强烈的缺氧。建于的概念表示硝化?????????微生物车厢明确考虑，中间生产的N2O。在此基础上的生理分析的两个阶段的硝化的硝化细菌（铵?????????进行和亚硝酸氧化细菌），作为一个功能的控制因素（O2，NH?????????4?????????+?????????，NO?????????2????????? - ?????????;：布里翁，N.＆G. Billen。的，1998年。 UNE重新评估了Methode的注册成立的14HCO3倾mesurer LA硝化autotrophe等子应用倒?????????estimer LES的生物质去bactériesnitrifiantes。科学杂志l&#39;Eau酒店，11：283-302，A.，Cébron，J.卡尼尔＆G. Billen。?????????2005年。一氧化二氮生产和硝化动力学的河水中自然存在的细菌群落（下?????????塞纳河，法国）。水生微生物Ecolology，41：25-38）。动力学和参数值的数学公式?????????被纳入的河流部门和淡水生态功能的塞纳河口的一般模型?????????河。由于反硝化作用的N2O排放量也被认为。从1998年至2003年的夏天实地考察，结果?????????来验证该模型，这是能够再现的主空间和时间模式的微生物的活动?????????的硝化社区以及水平的氧气和氮气的形式（NH?????????4?????????+?????????，NO?????????2????????? - ?????????，NO?????????3????????? - ??????????N2O）。一旦通过验证，该模型用于研究计划安装在Achères污水处理厂三级处理，定?????????2007年（减少了90％，目前出院的铵的硝化作用，减少了30％的硝酸盐通过反硝化）。?????????该模型显示，硝化处理导致一个显着改善氧合和减少N2O排放。然而，只有进一步反硝化作用，预计到2015年，城市污水将显着减少氮?????????输送到沿海地带。
Author:</b
Josette Garnier, Gilles BAurélie Cébron
Source:</b
Hydrobiologia
Volume-OnPage:</b
Volume 588, Number 1&&291-302
[1] O. Chabrerie, I. Poudevigne, F. Bureau, M. Vinceslas-Akpa, S. Nebbache, M. Aubert, A. BD. Al
[2] Natacha Brion, Gilles Billen, Lo?C Gué;Ré Ficht
[3] Yves Duclos, Martine Blanchard,;Ré ChestéMarc Chevreuil
[4] S. Even, B. Thouvenin, N. Bacq, G. Billen, J. Garnier, L. Guezennec, S. Blanc, A. FP. Le Hir
[5] Jean-Louis Gonzalez, Benedicte Thouvenin, Catherine Dange, Annie Fi;RJean-Fran?Ois Chiffoleau
[6] T. Garcia-Armisen, A. Touron, F. PP. Servais
[7] Julien NéJosette Garnier
[8] Yumine, A.
Hayashi, M.
[9] Yumine, A.
Hayashi, M.
[10] B. Thouvenin, J. L. Gonzalez, J. F. Chiffoleau, B. BP. Le Hir
[1] 1321269
[2] 7,163,632
[6] Jp8141552a
[8] 7,147,780
[9] 2005513
[10] 4,522,722
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Eiffel Tower in Paris France
The Eiffel Tower is a major tourist attraction in Paris
Today, the Eiffel Tower has become a global icon of France, which is an iron tower built
on the Champ de Mars beside the
This Parisian landmark named after its engineer designer, Gustave Eiffel, is one of the
most recognised structures in the world and is the tallest structure in Paris, and with
200,000,000 having visited the Eiffel Tower since its construction, this monument is the
most visited paid monument per year.
The Eiffel Tower
Constructed between 1887 and 1889, including the 24m antenna, the
Eiffel Tower is 324m high and weighs 7,300 tons, which made it the worlds tallest
structure until 1930 when it was beaten by New York City's Chrysler Building.
The tower can sway 6 to 7cm in the wind and due to the thermal expansion of the metal on
the side facing the sun, depending upon the ambient temperature, the top of the tower may
shift away from the sun by up to 18cm.
The Eiffel Tower in
is re-painted every 7
years and it takes around 6 tons of paint to complete it, just to stop this monument from
There are three levels in all.& At the south towers base a ticket booth sells tickets
to use the stairs, which begin at that location and the first and second levels are
accessible by both stairs and lifts.& &But the third level summit is only
accessible by lift.& On the first platform, the stairs continue up from the east
Taking the steps is not for the feint hearted, as the actual count of stairs includes 9
steps to the ticket booth at the base of the Eiffel Tower, 328 steps to the first level,
340 steps to the second level, and 18 steps to the lift platform on the second
level.& And when exiting the lift at the third level, there are another 15 more steps
to ascend to the upper observation platform.& Whether you think this a good idea or
not, the actual step count is printed periodically on the side of the stairs to give you
an indication of your progress!!!& But for the majority of the climb, it does allow
you an unhindered view of the area directly beneath and around the tower bar a few brief
times when the stairway is enclosed.
Did you know that the Eiffel Tower was to be demolished in 20 years after
construction?& It was due to the fact the Gustave Eiffel was only given a permit for
the Eiffel Tower to stand for 20 years before it passed to the city ready for its
destruction, but because it became valuable as a communications resource, it was allowed
to remain in place even after the permit had expired.
The military even used it to dispatch Parisian taxis to the front line during the First World War and the Battle of the Marne,
and it therefore became a victory statue of that battle.
The tower has two restaurants.& The first called Altitude 95 is on the first floor and is at
95m above sea level.& The second restaurant is called the Jules Verne, which is on the second floor and
this is an expensive gastronomical restaurant with its own private lift.
The structure was built as the entrance arch for the Exposition Universelle, which was a
World's Fair marking the centennial celebration of the French Revolution, with the Eiffel
Tower being inaugurated on 31 March 1889, and opened on 6 May 1889.
There were 300 workers who joined together 18,038 pieces of puddled iron, which is a very
pure form of structural iron, using two and a half million rivets.
And although the risk of accident was great because of its open frame and only the two
platforms, because Gustave Eiffel took safety precautions only one man died.
But when the Eiffel Tower was built, it was met with resistance, as the public felt it was
an eyesore, even though Parisians today would not wish to be without it, as it is widely
considered to be a striking piece of structural art!&
People were also shocked at the daring shape, questioning Gustave Eiffel wondering if he
really was a good engineer, but being that he and his engineers were renowned bridge
builders, he came back with comments stating that it was based on mathematical
calculations utilising wind resistance.&
Although most people have the idea that the Eiffel Tower can be seen from almost anywhere
in , this is actually not the case, due to
restrictions in place that limit the height of most buildings to only a few storeys so
there are only a few of the taller buildings that get a clear view of the tower.
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