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本帖最后由 真美啊 于
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内城北京话(mandarin)]
&&北京城里的一棵小树、厨房里的一件工具，用满语都无法表达！因为满族人的祖先从来没见过这样的植物，从来没见过这样的工具，这就是当时统治中国的满族人所遇到的严酷的语言现实。满语要继续说下去，除了直接使用北京外城汉人的语言的词汇和模仿他们的语音之外再也没有第二种可能！就象日本皇军学说中国话：“你的，八路的，干活？”一样，北京内城的满人开始了他们艰难的模仿汉语的历程。
&&但是满语对比汉语有它先天的残疾，首先，入声字一下子就全丢了，这就是汉语同音字增多最根本的历史原因，用满语套学汉语的发音更是不伦不类，可以肯定地说，这是发音最糟糕的汉语。但是，历史就是这么残酷，满人的这种蹩脚汉语比起日本皇军的蹩脚汉语要幸运得多了！随着使用人口的增加，这种让当时的汉人老百姓笑掉牙的蹩脚汉语成了清朝统治阶级的“共同语言”——这就是早期的普通话（暂时使用英语的称谓把这种语言称为mandarin）。
&&[内城北京话的发展——走出北京内城，形成“官话”]
&&随着北京内城的“mandarin”这种蹩脚汉语的形成，在北京内城形成一个固定的说“mandarin”的人群。这个人群就是当时中国的最高统治团体——八旗贵族。“mandarin”成为地地道道的清朝统治者的官方语言——“清朝官话”。
&&具体的时间有待考证，在《康熙字典》中的语音跟今天的普通话的语音还是一定的差别的，但是跟其它汉语方言相比已经更接近今天的普通话了。
&&从“清朝官话”的形成史看，“清朝官话”受满语的影响主要在语音方面，这是一种不成熟的蹩脚的汉语语音系统，而在词汇和语法方面的影响则十分有限，从语言的本质上将，“清朝官话”还是应该归属于汉语的一种方言而不应该归属于满语的一种方言，不过这是最糟糕的一种汉语方言。
&&[内城北京话的发展——落地生根，形成“国语”]
&&“清朝官话”形成后，随着清朝政权在地域上的延伸，操着“清朝官话”的八旗贵族也就从北京的皇家内城走向中国的每一个角落，于是各地的第一行政长官的口音又成了当地的标准口音。并在当地的上流社会向平民社会不断地渗透壮大，最终使“清朝官话”成为中国的“国语”。
&&从地域上来讲，中国的北方是满人活动的主要地区，也是满语化程度最高的地区。而南方的个别地区，象两广、福建等地则由于“山高皇帝远”而受到较少的影响，这也是南方诸语言读唐诗宋词比普通话更压韵更亲切的根本原因，也是清代中国没有著名诗人的根本原因。
&&有一点要说明的是，mandarin是从北京内城绕过北京外城直接向全中国渗透而形成清朝的“国语”的，所以，北京的外城话并不是真正的“国语”——普通话，虽然“外城北京话”一直受“内城北京话”的影响并不断演变，但是，正如北京的内城贵族和外城平民百姓是两个互不相容的两个社群一样，“外城北京话”和“内城北京话”是跟阶级差别一致的互不相同的两种语言。所谓的“北京话”一直是两种：“外城话”和“内城话”，而各地方所称谓的“北京话”实际是指“内城话（即mandarin）而不是外城汉人所说的“北京话”。外城汉人所说的“北京话”实际是对中国其它方言没有影响的小语种。
&&[内城北京话的发展——汉语代表语言地位的确立]
&&mandarin经过清朝王朝200多年在中国的统治，再经过孙中山政权以一票之优势对“国语”地位的表决，再经过中华人民共和国在宪法上“国家代表语言”条文制订，普通话——汉语代表语言地位已经是坚不可摧。
[内城话北京话在北京的消失]
&&从语言史上讲，普通话不是北京话，而只是北京的内城话，随着清朝王朝的解体，北京内城的贵族群体也就在北京城里消失了，因而普通话的真正母体在北京城也已经不复存在了。把普通话硬说成是什么北京话，这在100多年以前可能还有一半正确，但是在今天还这样说大错特错了，因为“北京话”这个概念变了，已经不再是原来的那个“北京话”了。
&&[移民与语言]
&&世界上任何语言的产生、发展和生存都离不开一定的社会群体，人群才是语言的决定因素，即使是象世界语、女书这样的人工语言也不能逃避社会群体的决定性作用。离开了人群，语言将无从产生，也无从生存。研究和思考一种语言也必须从移民的角度出发，这样才能找到语言的根源，才能真正认识一种语言的本质。
&&普通话也不能逃避它自身的生成发展史，跟其它所有语言一样，普通话生成发展史也是跟说普通话群体的移民史一体的。作为一个语言学者可以对某种语言抽象出出千千万万个特性来，可以对这些特性做一层又一层、一套又一套的理论演释，可以找出两种语言之间很多各种各样的“关系”，甚至象中文和英文这样的两种几乎互不相关的语言也可以找出“同音同义词”来。然而不能否定语言的社会根源。历史就是历史，历史没有什么羞耻，只有存在的事实。
&&[人工语言？]
&&普通话不是现在的北京话，也不是什么人工语言。因为100年前的中国完全不具备创造一种象普通话这样的“人工语言”的学术能力，实践中也没有任何个人或任何语言学家群体是真正的普通话之父，在中国的近代语言学者们要努力创造中国的国语——普通话之前，清朝的统治者们如：道光、慈禧等就已经能说一口标准流利的普通话，真正的普通话之父就是他们——清朝北京内城的皇亲贵族。
&&[普通话和北京话]
&&明白了普通话的历史，普通话的概念也就清晰了，其它的“满语”、“官话”、“国语”、“普通话”、“北京话”和“mandarin”、“汉语”、“方言”这些概念也就不会搞混淆了。从历史上看，普通话从来就不是现在的北京话，普通话有它自己的历史。而现在的北京话虽然跟普通话比邻并一直受普通话的影响和向普通话不断靠拢，但它从来就没有真正跟普通话成为一体过，说这两种话的人也从来都是生活在两个鲜明不同的社会，所以它们是有区别的两种汉语方言。
&&普通话是满族人学讲的汉语而不是受满语影响的汉语
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本帖最后由 真美啊 于
12:06 编辑
中国应该换一种方言北京外城话作为中国普通话，像这样的Mandarin满大人应该扔到历史垃圾堆里。
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国民党、gCD领导都糊涂了，根本没必要把满大人当做中国普通话的。
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台人称其为狗语……
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其实也没必要太在意，有些东西是历史必然，满汉语言影响融合，就像汇入整个中华民族前进的大熔炉里一样。。。
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骗子太多，导致傻子不够用了。。
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很多文献上都是这样说的。。。
傻B眼里，别人都是傻B，只有比他更傻B的人，才算牛B；傻B成双，但凡有傻B做出什么雷霆万丈的事，总有更傻B的人与之一唱一和，这就是为什么这个种族能繁衍至今；傻B之间也有内部矛盾和阶级斗争，这个时候，我们就能看出，谁才是傻B中的战斗B。
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事实上没有谁正宗不正宗的，因为中国历史各个时期的官话都不是一样的，要说正宗也许粤语、闽南话在一定时期都是正宗的，但是在后来又变成了不正宗了，语言始终是变化的。
就像现在的普通话满大人一样。
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speaking mandarin chinese是什么意思
中文翻译讲普通话:&&&&adj. 1.发言的，交谈的，说话的。 2.栩栩如生的， ...:&&&&n. 中国柑橘(树) (＝mandarin orange ...:&&&&adj. 中国(人)的；中国(话)的。 the Chin ...
例句与用法1.Summary : the listening comprehension questions that test your ability to understand spoken mandarin chinese are based on brief spoken dialogues and narratives primarily about every day topic总之，听力理解部分主要考查对日常生活中的口语问话或对话，以及陈述性或描述性的句子的理解。 2.He joined the u . s . foreign service in 1980 after graduating with a b . a . degree in english from the college of william and mary in williamsburg , virginia . he speaks mandarin chinese , korean and indonesian . mr . keith has received superior and meritorious honor awards from the department of state一九八零年他毕业于弗吉尼亚州威廉斯堡的威廉与玛丽学院，获得英文学士学位，之后，他加入美国外交界服务，他懂普通话、韩语及印尼语。
相邻词汇热门词汇Mandarin (普通话 / 汉语 / 国语 / 华语)
Mandarin is a variety of Chinese spoken mainly in China, Taiwan,
and Singapore by about 1.3 billion people. It is the main language of government,
the media and education in China and Taiwan, and one of the four official
languages in Singapore. Mandarin is also spoken in Malaysia, Indonesia,
Mongolia, Brunei, Thailand, the Philippines, Russia, the USA,
Vietnam, Laos, the UK and Mauritius.
Mandarin at a glance
Native names: 普通话 (pʰu˩˧ tʰɔŋ˥ hua˥˩); 汉语 (han˥˩ y˧˩˥); 國語 (kuɔ˩˥ y˧˩˥); 华语/華語 (hua˩˥ y˧˩˥)
Linguistic affliation: Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic, Chinese
Number of speakers: c. 1.3 billion
Spoken in: PRC, Taiwan, Singapore, and many other countries
First written: 12th century
Writing system: Chinese script (traditional and simplified versions)
Status: official language in the PRC and ROC, one of the official languages in Singapore
Mandarin is known as
[普通話]
(pŭtōnghu& - common language),
北京话 [北京話]
(bĕijīnghu& - Beijing language) or
汉语 [漢語]
(hànyŭ - Han language) in China,
[國語]
(gu&yŭ - national language) in Taiwan, and
[華語]
(hu&yŭ - Chinese language) in Singapore and Malaysia.
During the reign of the Jin () and Yuan () dynasties, a common
language, known as Old Mandarin began to emerge in northern China. It was used in
literature, along Classical/Literary Chinese, and written with either the Chinese
script, or the 'Phags-pa script.
Mandarin, in some form or another, has been used as the lingua franca in China
since the 14th century, particularly among officials. Until the middle of the 19th
century this lingua franca was based on Nanjing dialects, but since then northern
dialects, particularly the Beijing dialect, have risen to prominence.
The officials called their language 官话 [官話] (guānyŭ) or
"official language".
The word Mandarin comes from Portuguese mandarim,
from Malay menteri (minister), from Hindi मंत्री
(mantrī - secretary), from Sanskrit मन्त्रिन्
(mantrin - counselor, minster), and originally meant an official of the Chinese empire.
In the 1930s there was much dispute about which version of Mandarin to adopt
as the national language or gu&yǔ (国语 [國語]).
There were advocates for northern and southern dialects, and atempts to create
an artificial pronunciation. Eventually in 1932 the National Language Unification
Commission (国语推行委员会 [國語推行委員會]) decided to adopt
Beijing dialect. This became the official language of China. After the founding
of the People's Republic of China in 1949 it was renamed pǔtōnghu&
(普通话 [普通話]) or
"common speech".
Written Chinese is based on spoken Mandarin and is known as
汉语 [漢語] (hànyŭ) or 中文 (zhōngw&n). Speakers
of other varieties of Chinese have to learn the grammar and vocabulary
of Mandarin in order to read and write in Chinese.
Phonetic transcription systems for Mandarin
H&nyŭ Pīnyīn
The official romanization system used in China and in Western publications
about China is h&nyŭ pīnyīn (Chinese phonetic spelling)
or simply pīnyīn. It was developed in the Soviet Union in 1931
for use by Chinese immigrants living there. A slightly revised version
was adopted in China in 1958.
In China pīnyīn is used for road signs, maps, brand names, computer
input, Chinese Braille, telegrams, semaphore and for many other purposes.
It also appears in books for children and foreign learners of Chinese.
The United Nations and the International Standards Organisation (ISO)
both recognise pīnyīn as the standard romanization for Mandarin.
Pīnyīn uses all the letters of the Latin alphabet (except v) in the
following order:
a b c ch d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s sh t u w x y z zh
Bopomofo / Zh&yīn f&h&o
This system was devised by the Commission on the Unification of
Pronunciation (讀音統一會) between 1912 and
1913. It was adopted as the official transcription system for Mandarin in
China in 1928, though was abandoned in favour of H&nyŭ
Pīnyīn after 1949, and has been used in Taiwan since then.
Zh&yīn f&h&o, which is more popularly known
as bopomofo (after the names of the first 4 symbols), is used
in Taiwan in dictionaries, children's books, text books for foreigners
and some newspapers and magazines to show the pronunciation of characters.
It is also used to show the Taiwanese pronunciation of characters and to
write Taiwanese words for which no characters exist.
Bopomofo consists of 37 symbols derived from Chinese characters: 21
initials (consonants) and 16 finals (vowels, diphthongs, triphthongs
or vowels + n or ng). Finals can stand alone and some initials can as well.
When combined with characters, Bopomofo is usually written on the right
of each character.
Wade-Giles
The Wades-Giles romanization was devised by Thomas Francis Wade (),
a British ambassador in China and Chinese scholar who was the first
professor of Chinese at Cambridge University. Wade published the first
ever Chinese textbook in English in 1867. The system was refined in
1912 by Herbert Allen Giles (), a British diplomat in China.
Until 1998, Wade-Giles was the main romanization system used to represent
the sounds of Mandarin in Western publications. It is still used in
Taiwan for transliterating place names, street names and people's names.
However, as it is not taught in schools, few people know how to use
it properly. For example, in Wade-Giles Taipei should be written T'ai-Pei
or T'ai²-Pei³ (T&ibĕi in pīnyīn).
Without the apostophe, the t is pronounced like &d&.
In 1998 Taipei City government adopted a modified version of
to write the names of streets,
districts, etc, in Taipei City. In this new system, Taipei is written TaiBei.
The Wades-Giles system is still used elsewhere in Taiwan.
The Yale romanization system was developed by Yale University in the
1950s and 60s as an aid to teaching Mandarin and Cantonese to Americans.
Today it used mainly for romanizing ,
though it does appear in some Mandarin dictionaries and textbooks.
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Gwoyeu Romatzyh was devised by the Committee for National Language
Romanization between 1926 and 1928, when it was adopted as the official
romanization system of Mandarin in China. It was first used in Gwoin
Charnyonq Tzyhuey (G&oyīn Ch&ngy&ng Z&hu&
- &Glossary of Frequently Used Chinese&) published in 1932.
Gwoyeu Romatzyh is still used in Mandarin textbooks published
by the Mandarin Daily News (Gwoyeu Ryhbaw) in Taipei. The Mandarin
Daily News is also the only Chinese newspaper I have come across which includes
transcriptions of characters.
Gwoyeu Romatzyh uses differences in spelling to indicate different
Palladius (Палла́дий)
The Palladius system for transcribing Chinese using the Cyrillic alphabet was devised
by Pyotr Ivanovich Kafarov (Пётр Ива́нович
Кафа́ров) (1817 &#), a Russian
sinologist and monk who spent 30 years in China with the Russian Orthodox Mission. Palladius
(Палла́дий), which was his monastic name,
published many manuscripts about China, and also compiled a Russian-Chinese dictionary.
Mandarin lessons and courses
A guide to the writing of Mandarin Chinese in romanization
Online Chinese Tools
Pinyin Joe's Chinese Computing Help Desk - information for typing hanzi and pinyin
Automatic transliteration of Cyrillic Chinese names into Pinyin
Learn Chinese from movies
Online Mandarin Chinese dictionaries
learn to read, write and pronounce Chinese characters
Available for
Transliteration Chinese into Cyrillic
Online radio and news in Mandarin
Omniglot Chinese - learn to read and write the hundred most commonly-used characters. Available for
is an eBook that helps language learners to successfully tackle the complexities of Chinese writing by showing them how to systematically break complicated characters down into simpler parts.