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＞＞＞—Is that man in a red T-shirt Mr. Smith, your math teacher?..
—Is that man in a red T-shirt Mr. Smith, your math teacher?—It _______ be Mr. Smith. He has gone back to America.
A. must B. can C. shouldn't D. can't
题型：单选题难度：偏易来源：安徽省期末题
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据魔方格专家权威分析，试题“—Is that man in a red T-shirt Mr. Smith, your math teacher?..”主要考查你对&&情态动词&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下：
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因为篇幅有限，只列出部分考点，详细请访问。
情态动词：是一种本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪、态度或与语气的动词，但不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。无人称和数的变化,情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 “not”。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式，过去式用来表达更加客气，委婉的语气, 时态性不强,可用于过去，现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词，故没有被动语态。情态动词有四类： 　　&①只做情态动词：must, can(could),may(might)…… 　　&②可做情态动词又可做实义动词：need, dare 　　 ③具有情态动词特征：have(had, has) to, used to 　　&④情态动词表猜测 注：mustn't代表强烈禁止 must表示主观，have to表示客观。常用的有：can& may& could& must&& have& use& .情态动词特点:情态动词无人称和数的变化，情态动词后面跟的动词须用原形，否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not"。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式，过去式用来表达更加客气，委婉的语气，时态性不强，可用于过去，现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词，故没有被动语态。He could be here soon.他很快就来。We can't carry the heavy box.我们搬不动那箱子。I'm sorry I can't help you.对不起，我帮不上你。基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是：基本助动词本身没有词义，而情态助动词则有自己的词义，能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法，或表示主观设想：What have you been doing since? （构成完成进行体，本身无词义）I am afraid I must be going. （一定要）You may have read some account of the matter. （或许已经）除此之外，情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征：1） 除ought和used以外，其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话，那么，所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式：We used to grow beautiful roses.我们过去常常种这种漂亮的玫瑰花I asked if he would come and repair my television set.我问他是否来修我的电视机2） 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一：They need not have been punished so severely.3） 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候，没有词形变化，即其词尾无-s形式：She dare not say what she thinks.4） 情态动词没有非限定形式，即没有不定式和分词形式，也没有相应的动名词：Still,she needn't have run away.5）情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合，情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间：Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?She told him he ought not to have done it.6） 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的，即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词，但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用：You should have washed the wound.Well,you shouldn't be reading a novel.7）情态动词must一般疑问句否定回答用needn'tMust I read books every day、No,you needn't常见情态动词用法：1.can (could) 表示说话人能，可以，同意，准许，以及客观条件许可，could 为 can 的过去式。 2.Must 必须，应该，一定，准是，表示说话人认为有必要做某事，命令，要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。 must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时, 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。 must + have + 过去分词，表示现在对过去事物的推测。 must 和 have to 的区别：must 表示说话人的主观思想，have to 表示客观需要。 3.need 是一个情态动词，他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样，但 need 还可当作实义动词使用，这时 need 就象其他动词一样，有第三人称，单复数， 后面加带 to 的动词等特性。 needn't + have + 过去分词 表示过去做了没必要做的事情。 4.dare 除用作情态动词外,更多的是当实义动词使用, 用法同实义动词一样,要考虑人称,单复数,时态等。 5.ought 应当，应该。后面跟带有 to 的动词不定式。 ought + to have done 句型。指过去动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。 ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。 6.will (would)决心,愿望。 would 为 will 的过去式, will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问,用 would 比 will 更婉转,客气。 7.Shall、should 表示命令，警告，允诺，征求，劝告，建议，惊奇。 8.have to，不得不，必须，表示客观条件只能如此，而must 则表示主观思想。情态动词功能：助动词主要有两类：基本助动词和情态助动词。基本助动词有三个：do，have和be；情态助动词基本的有十四个：may, can, will, shall, must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better 上述两类助动词的共同特征是，在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时，具有作用词的功能： 1） 构成否定式： He didn't go and neither did she. The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock. 2） 构成疑问式或附加疑问式： Must you leave right now? You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you? 3） 构成修辞倒装： Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister. Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 4） 代替限定动词词组： A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle? B: Tom can. A: Shall I write to him? B: Yes, do. 情态动词表推测的用法小结 　　 （一）情态动词表推测的三种句式 　　&1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定)，may（可能），might /can, could（也许，或许）。 　　 （1）He must/may/might know the answer to this question? 　　&&&&&&&&&&&他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。 　　 （2）It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating. 　　 &&&&&&&&& 屋里很冷，他们肯定把暖气关了。 　　&2. 否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能), may not/might not (可能不)。 　　 （1）It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America.& 这不可能是校长，他去美国了。 　　 （2）He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。 　　 3. 疑问句中用can/could (能……?)。 　　&&（1）Could he have finished the task?&他可能把任务完成了吗？ 　　&&（2）Can he be at home now?& 他现在能在家吗？ 　　 注：以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can的过去式，而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。 　　 （二）情态动词表推测的三种时态 　　 1. 对将来情况的推测，用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。 　　&（1）She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.& 5: 00 前她一定/可能/也许到。 　　&（2）She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone. 　　 &&&&&&&&&& 她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。 　　 2. 对现在或一般情况的推测，用“情态动词 + be”，“情态动词 +be doing”或 “情态动词 + 动词原形”。 　　&（1）He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。 　　 （2）He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。 　　 （3）Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony ? 　　 &&&&&&&&& 布什先生一向准时，这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢？ 　　&3.对过去情况的推测，用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。 　　 （1）It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.& 地湿了，昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。 　　 （2）The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home . 门锁着，他不可能/可能不在家。 　　 （3）Can / Could he have gotten the book？ 难道他找到书了吗？ 　　&注：情态动词 should /ought to表推测时，意为“想必会，理应……”但与“have +过去 分词”连用时，则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。&例如： 　　 （4）It’s seven o’clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment. 　　 &&&& 现在七点钟了，杰克理应随时到达。（推测） 　　 （5）She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look& after her mother in hospital. （虚拟） 　　 她本该出席你的生日晚会的，可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。 　　 （6）Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm.&& （虚拟） 　　 汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密，可是他并无恶意。
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29972967233261250304527135056261589[转载]英语常用语法图解
卡雅教育中小学课外辅导专家)语法网络图
I. 名词的种类：
国名地名人名，团体机构名称
不可数名词
II. 名词的数：
1. 规则名词的复数形式：
名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：
一般情况在词尾加-s
map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es
class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes
以-f或-fe结尾的词
变-f和-fe为v再加-es
leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves,
wife-wives
belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs,
gulf-gulfs
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es
party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities
以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s
toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys
以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词
hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
不少外来词加-s
piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos,
solo-solos
zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos
以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s
radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
以-th结尾的名词加-s
truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,
2. 不规则名词复数：
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
单复数相同
sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan,
只有复数形式
ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses,
一些集体名词总是用作复数
people, police, cattle, staff
部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）
audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee,
government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
复数形式表示特别含义
customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料),
sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力),
greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
表示“某国人”
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
单复数同形
Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women
Englishmen, Frenchwomen
将主体名词变为复数
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数
grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
将两部分变为复数
women singers, men servants
III. 名词的所有格：
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。
1. ’s所有格的构成：
单数名词在末尾加’s
the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,
一般在末尾加’
the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother,
不规则复数名词后加’s
the children’s toys, women’s rights,
以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’
Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house
表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s
Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s
Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father
表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略
the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s
2. ’s所有格的用法：
today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday
表示自然现象
the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches
表示国家城市等地方的名词
the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry
表示工作群体
the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory
表示度量衡及价值
a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples
与人类活动有特殊关系的名词
the life’s time, the play’s plot
某些固定词组
a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)
3. of所有格的用法：
用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed
冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。
I. 不定冠词的用法：
指一类人或事，相当于a kind of
A plane is a machine that can fly.
第一次提及某人某物，非特指
A boy is waiting for you.
表示“每一”相当于every，one
We study eight hours a day.
表示“相同”相当于the same
We are nearly of an age.
用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事
A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out
That boy is rather a Lei Feng.
用于固定词组中
A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk,
many a time
用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后
This room is rather a big one.
用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后
She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
II. 定冠词的用法：
表示某一类人或物
The horse is a useful animal.
用于世上独一无二的事物名词前
the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean
表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事
Would you mind opening the door?
用于乐器前面
play the violin, play the guitar
用于形容词和分词前表示一类人
the reach, the living, the wounded
表示“一家人”或“夫妇”
the Greens, the Wangs
用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前
He is the taller of the two children.
用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前
the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French
用于表示发明物的单数名词前
The compass was invented in China.
在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代
in the 1990’s
用于表示单位的名词前
I hired the car by the hour.
用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前
He patted me on the shoulder.
III. 零冠词的用法：
专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前
Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air
名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制
I want this book, not that one. /& Whose purse
季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前
March, Sunday, National Day, spring
表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前
Lincoln was made President of America.
学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前
He likes playing football/chess.
与by连用表示交通工具的名词前
by train, by air, by land
以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时
husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night
表示泛指的复数名词前
Horses are useful animals.
三．代词：
I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：
I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
my, your, his, her, its, our, their
mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves, themselves
this, that, these, those, such, some
who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
that, which, who, whom, whose, as
one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/
a few/ a little,
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either
II. 不定代词用法注意点：
1. one, some与any:
1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.
Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.
I have some questions to ask.
2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。
Would you like some bananas?&&
Could you give me some money?
3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。
I have read this article in some
magazine.&&&
Please correct the mistakes, if any.
4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。
There are some 3,000 students in this
school.&&& Do
you feel any better today?
2. each和every:
each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。
Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a
dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.
Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has
strong and weak points.
3. none和no：
no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。
There is no water in the bottle.
How much water is there in the bottle? None.
None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
4. other和another:
& 1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day,
every other week, some other reason, no other way,
the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：
He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the
another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：
I don’t like this shirt, please show me another
The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some
Some like football, while others like basketball.
5. all和both, neither和either
all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.
& All of the books are not written in English.
/ Not all of the books are written in English.
& Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us
are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.
四．形容词和副词
I. 形容词：
1. 形容词的位置：
1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：
修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时
nobody absent, everything possible
以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后
the best book available, the only solution possible
alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置
the only person awake
和空间、时间、单位连用时
a bridge 50 meters long
成对的形容词可以后置
a huge room simple and beautiful
形容词短语一般后置
a man difficult to get on with
2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：
性状形容词
冠词前的形容词
代词所有格
3) 复合形容词的构成：
形容词+名词+ed
kind-hearted
名词+形容词
world-famous
形容词+形容词
名词+现在分词
peace-loving
形容词+现在分词
ordinary-looking
名词+过去分词
snow-covered
副词+现在分词
hard-working
数词+名词+ed
three-egged
副词+过去分词
newly-built
twenty-year
副词的分类：
soon, now, early, finally, once, recently
always, often, frequently, seldom, never
here, nearby, outside, upwards, above
how, where, when, why
hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really
how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile
almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather
when, where, why
III. 形容词和副词比较等级：
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more
1. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as
2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little,
still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the
more progress you will make.
4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.
5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four
times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of
6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme,
I. 介词分类：
about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond,
during, in, on
inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within,
according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to,
from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between
分词转化成的介词
considering(就而论), including
形容词转化成的介词
like, unlike, near, next, opposite
II. 常用介词区别：
表示时间的in, on, at
at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关
表示时间的since, from
since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始
表示时间的in, after
in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中
表示地理位置的in, on, to
in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外
表示“在…上”的on, in
on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分
表示“穿过”的through, across
through表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与on有关
表示“关于”的about, on
about指涉及到，on指专门论述
between与among的区别
between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间
besides与except的区别
besides指“除了…还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首
表示“用”的in, with
with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音
as与like的区别
as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like为“象…一样”，指情形相似
in与into区别
in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置
I. 动词的时态：
1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：
过去将来时
ask / asks
shall/will ask
should/would ask
am/is/are asking
was/were asking
shall/will be asking
should/would be asking
have/has asked
shall/will have asked
should/would have asked
have/has been asking
had been asking
shall/will have been asking
should/would have been asking
2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：
I have already read the novel written by the world-famous
writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)
一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：
I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)
I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）
3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：
两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。
I have read that book.我读过那本书了。
I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。
4. 一般将来时的表达方式：
will/shall+动词原形
表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态
My sister will be ten next year.
be going to+动词原形
含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事
It’s going to clear up.
We’re going to have a party tonight.
be + doing 进行时表示将来
go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作
He is moving to the south.
Are they leaving for Europe?
be about to + 动词原形
表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语
I was about to leave when the bell rang.
The meeting is about to close.
be to + 动词原形
表示按计划进行或征求对方意见
We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.
一般现在时表示将来
时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来
The meeting starts at five o’clock.
The plane leaves at ten this evening.
II. 动词的被动语态：
常用被动语态
常用被动语态
一般现在时
am/is/are asked
过去进行时
was/were being asked
一般过去时
was/were asked
现在完成时
have/has been asked
一般将来时
shall/will be asked
过去完成时
had been asked
过去将来时
should/would be asked
将来完成时
will/would have been asked
现在进行时
am/is/are being asked
含有情态动词的
can/must/may be asked
被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be
going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。
Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of
by his classmates.
Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.
汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：
It is believed
that…&&&&&&&&&&&
It is generally considered
that…&&&&&&&&&&
It is said that…
It is well known
that…&&&&&&&&
It must be pointed out
that…&&&&&&&&&&&&&
It is supposed that…
It is reported
that…&&&&&&&&&&&
It must be admitted
that…&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
It is hoped that…
下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：
The window wants/needs/requires
repairing.&&&&&&&&&
The book is worth reading twice.
The door won’t shut. / The play won’t
act.&&&&&&&&&&&
The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.
The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.
下面词或短语没有被动态：
leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain,
last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take
place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of,
have on, lose heart等等
七．情态动词
I. 情态动词基本用法：
疑问式与简答
能力（体力，智力，技能）
允许或许可（口语中常用）
可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）
can not / cannot /can’t do
Can…do…?
Yes,…can.
No,…can’t.
couldn’t do
可以（问句中表示请求）
可能，或许（表推测）
祝愿（用于倒装句中）
may not do
May…do…? Yes,…may.
No,…mustn’t/can’t.
might not do
Might…do…? Yes,…might
No,…might not.
必须，应该（表主观要求）
肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）
must not/mustn’t do
Must…do…? Yes,…must.
No,…needn’t/don’t have to.
只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化）
don’t have to do
Do…have to do…?
Yes,…do.& No,…don’t.
应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用should
ought not to/oughtn’t to do
Ought…to do…?
Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t.
用于一三人称征求对方意见
用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等
shall not/shan’t do
Shall…do…?
Yes,…shall.& No,…shan’t.
应当，应该（表义务责任）
本该（含有责备意味）
should not/shouldn’t do
Should…do…?
意愿，决心
请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉
will not/won’t do
Will…do…?
Yes,…will.& No,…won’t.
would not/wouldn’t do
敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）
dare not/daren’t do
Dare…do…?
Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t.
必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）
need not/needn’t do
Need…do…?
Yes,…must. No,…needn’t.
过去常常（现在已不再）
used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do
didn’t use to do
Used…to do…?
Yes,…used.& No,…use(d)n’t.
Did…use to do…?
Yes,…did.& No,…didn’t.
II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测：
以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing
推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。
1. must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。
He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his
friend. / He must have already arrived there.
2. may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。
He may not be at home. / They might have finished their
3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。
The weather in that city could be cold now.
We cou it was so
near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）
Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw
him in the library just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)
III. 情态动词注意点：
1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Be
able to有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。
2. used to和would: &used
to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。
3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：
两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn’t/daren’t do；Need/dare…do…?
做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)
to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do
八．非谓语动词
I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：
非谓语形式
特征和作用
时态和语态
to be doing
to have done
to be done
to have been done
在非谓语前加not
for sb. to do sth.
具有名词，副词和形容词的作用
在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语
having done
being done
having been done
具有副词和形容词的作用
在句中做定、表、宾补和状语
having done
being done
having been done
sb’s doing
具有名词的作用
在句中做主、宾、定和表语
II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较：
只接不定式做宾语的动词
hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide,
pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen
只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语
mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape,
excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk,
resist, consider
can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get
down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take
pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to,
devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick
两者都可以
意义基本相同
begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer,
continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）
need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）
stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在做的事
remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生）
remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生）
go on to do（接着做另外一件事）
go on doing（接着做同一件事）
try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）
try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）
mean to do（打算做，企图做）
mean doing （意识是，意味着）
can’t help to do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做）
III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别：
与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念
ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage
主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成
I heard him call me several times.
have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make
notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel
主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成
I found her listening to the radio.
动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态
We found the village greatly changed.
IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别：
与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生
I have a lot of papers to type.
I have a lot of papers to be typed.
通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系
Shall we go to the swimming pool?
与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生
the boiling water / the boiled water
the developing country/the developed country
the falling leaves / the fallen leaves
与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成
V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别：
多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。
My dream is to become a teacher.
To obey the law is important.
(dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主语时常用)
与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。
It is no use saying that again and again.
Teaching is my job.
无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very, quite,
rather等副词修饰。
现在分词多含有“令人…”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多是人。
The situation is encouraging.
The book is well written.
(常见分词有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling,
shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式)
九．定语从句
定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。
Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?
whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that
Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working
The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..
I like those books whose topics are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
主语，宾语
A plane is a machine that can fly.
She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
主语，宾语
The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
主语，宾语
He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
as做宾语一般不省略
I will never forget the day when we met there.
可用on which
This is the house where I was born.
可用in which
I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.
可用for which
II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别：
只用that的情况
1．&& 先行词为all, everything,
anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。
2．&& 先行词被all, any, every,
each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时
3．&& 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时
4．&& 先行词既指人又指物时
5．&& 先行词被the only, the
very修饰时
句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时
1.He told me everything that he knows.
2.All the books that you offered has been given out.
3.This is the best film that I have ever read.
4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.
5.He is the only man that I want to see.
6.Who is the man that is making a speech?
只用which, who, whom的情况
在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人
在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。
3．&& 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which,
先行词为those, one, he时多用who。
He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.
I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.
Those who respect others are usually respected by others.
III. as与which的区别：
限制性定语从句中
名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which
He is not such a fool as he looks.
Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.
非限制性定语从句中
as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。
They won the game, as we had expected.
They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.
As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.
IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：
语法意义及特征
限制性定语从句
对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。
The accident happened at the time when I left.
非限制性定语从句　
对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。
His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.
十．名词性从句
常用关联词
在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之前，也可用it作形式主语，主语从句放主句之后
that, whether, if, as if, as though, who, whose, which, how,
when, where, why, what, whatever, whoever, wherever
Whether he will come or not doesn’t matter much.
Whoever comes here will be welcome.
在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后
It looks as if it is going to snow.
在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词
He asked me which team could win the game.
同位语从句
放在名词之后(news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope,
fact等) 表明其具体内容
You have no idea how worried we are.
The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.
十一。状语从句
when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the
time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the
minute, immediately, directly, instantly
主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。
where, wherever
because, as, since, now that
because语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。
if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that
从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替
so that, in order that, for fear that
so that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would等情态动词
so…that, such…that
than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the more
as if, as though, as
as if 和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。
though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what,
whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no
matter how, however, no matter when, whenever
as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用
十二。倒装句
here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副词开头的句子表示强调
Out rushed the children.
表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首
Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs.
强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡
Present at the meeting were 1,000 students.
never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until,
not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首
Hardly did I know what had happened.
only和修饰的状语放于句首
Only then did he realized the importance of English.
not only…but also连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒
Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it.
neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装
Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.
so…that, such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒
So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday.
as引导的让步状语
Child as he is, he has learned a lot.
so, neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。
He can play the piano. So can i.
用于表示祝愿的祈使句中
May you be in good health!
省略if的虚拟条件
Were I you, I would not do it in this way.
十三。虚拟语气
If引导的条件从句
与现在事实相反
从句动词：过去式（be用were）
主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形
If he were here, he would help us.
与过去事实相反
从句动词：had+过去分词
主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词
If I had been free, I would have visited you.
与将来事实相反
从句动词：过去式 / should+动词原形 / were+不定式
主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形
If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.
其它状语从句
as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式
They are talking as if they had been friends for years.
in order that / so that引导的状语从句中动词用can / could / may / might /
would等+动词原形
Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.
demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形
He suggested that we not change our mind.
wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反
I wish I could be a pop singer.
在It is necessary / important / strange that…, It is suggested /
demanded / ordered / requested that… 等从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形
It is strange that such a person should be our friends.
其它句型中
It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形
It’s high time that we left.
would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式
I would rather you stayed at home now.
If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望
If only our dream had come true!
十四。重要句型
1.&&&&&&&&&&&&
It was not until midnight that he finished his
2.&&&&&&&&&&&&
Not until he came back from abroad was I able to see
him again.
3.&&&&&&&&&&&&
The harder you work, the greater progress you will
4.&&&&&&&&&&&&
He walked around the house, gun in hand.
5.&&&&&&&&&&&&
May you be in good health!
6.&&&&&&&&&&&&
Wish you a pleasant journey back home!
7.&&&&&&&&&&&&
The professor was a humorous man with big nose and deep-set
8.&&&&&&&&&&&&
What surprised me most was his imagination and patience.
9.&&&&&&&&&&&&
He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky and his
hands under his head.
Sitting under the tree are Mr. Green and his first
On the wall hang two pictures of famous scientists.
Looking back upon those past years, he couldn’t help
feeling very proud.
No sooner(Hardly) had he arrived at the theatre
than(when) the play started.
Young as he is, he has learned advanced mathematics.
How I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields!
There stands a beautiful vase in the corner of the room.
Ten miles north of the town lies a paper factory.
There goes the bell.
Nowhere has the world ever seen such a bird as here.
It is no use crying for help.
If only I had been your student in the middle school!
It is believed that such a thing will not happen again.
Only when he explained did I realize the reason for
“He works particularly hard.”& “So he does, and
so do you.”
Not only Alice but also Jane and Mary are tired of
having one examination after another.
Such was Albert Einstein, a simple person of great
achievements.
&&十五。动词搭配
1. add to增加，增进
& add … to把…加进…
& add up相加
& add up to总计，所有这一切说明
& 1) I don't think these facts will ________
& 2) Fifty new books have been ________ the
& 3) The music _________ our enjoyment of the
& 4) You must have made a mistake when you
_______ the bill ________.
& ( add up to, added to, add to, added…up )
2. break away from打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉
& break down出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开
& break off暂停，中断
& break in强行进入，插话
& break into闯入
break into pieces成为碎片
& break out爆发
& break up捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散
& break through突破
& 1) The criminal managed to break
_______& ______ the police and ran into the
& 2) When he heard the news, he broke _______
and cried.
& 3) Don't break ________ while others are
& 4) Why don't you break ________ for a few
minutes and have some coffee?
& 5) When does school break ________?
& 6) After harvest we break _________ the soil
with a tool pulled by two oxen.
& ( away from, down, in, off, up, up )
3. bring up抚养，呕吐，提出
& bring about造成
& bring out拿出，出版
& bring in引入，引进，挣钱
& bring back使回想起
& bring down使下降，使倒下
& 1) The shopkeeper brought his price _________
to only five dollars.
& 2) The school has brought _________ new
foreign teachers to teach oral English.
& 3) The song brought ___________ happy
memories of our schooldays.
& 4) Do you know what brought ___________ this
misunderstanding?
& 5) The kind old man agreed to bring
__________ the young orphan.
& 6) We decided to bring the matter ___ at the
next meeting.
& 7) The wind brought _______ a lot of trees
last night.
& 8) Next month they will&
bring ________ a new edition of& the book.
&&( down, in, back, about, up,
up, down, out )
4. call on号召，拜访（某人）
& call at拜访、参观（某地）
& call for去叫某人, 要求, 需要
& call up使回忆起, 征召入伍
&&call in召集，请某人来
& call out大喊，高叫
& call off取消，不举行
& 1) Doctors are often called _____ in the
middle of the war.
& 2) Please wait for me at home. I'll call
_______ you at your house at seven tonight.
& 3) The trains calls _______ several big
cities between Beijing and Guangzhou.
& 4) He called her name __________, but she
didn't answer.
& 5) The sports meet was called ____ on account
of the rain.
& ( in, for, at, out, off)
5. come about发生，出现
& come down下跌，落，降，传下来
& come in进来
& come into
(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)
& come on来临/ 快点
& come out出版，结果是
& come along一道来，赶快
& come to达到 (an end/an agreement/a
stop)苏醒，合计，总共是
& come over走过来
& come up发芽，走近
& come across偶然碰到
& come back回想起
& come from来自，源自
& 1) I come _________ the book I lent you last
& 2) How did it come _________ that you both
got lost? I thought you had a map.
& 3) It suddenly came _________ to me where I
had seen the boy before.
& 4) Come __________ now, or else we shall be
& 5) He came __________ me like a tiger.
& 6) The price of petrol has come _________
since the beginning of this year.
& 7) The word came __________ use many years
& 8) When the examination result came
_________, he had already got a job.
& 9)The bill came __________ over a thousand
& 10) I sowed the seeds over a month ago, but
they haven't come __________ yet.
& ( for, about, back, on, at, down, into, out,
6. cut across抄近路
& cut down砍倒，削减
& cut off切断，割掉，断绝关系
& cut up连根拔除，切碎
& through剪断，凿穿
& cut out删（省）掉，戒掉
& cut in插嘴
& 1) Don't cut ___ this tree. It will be very
shady in summer.
& 2) You must cut ________ the number of
cigarettes you smoke, or it will cause illness.
& 3) We decided to cut _________ the moor（旷野）
to the village.
& 4) Cutting the tree ____ means cutting the
tree into pieces.
& 5) The electricity was cut ___________ when
the lady refused to pay the bill.
& 6) We were having a pleasant conversation
when Tom cut __________.
&（down, down, across, up, off, in ）
7. die of (disease/hunger/grief/old age)死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因）
& die from死于（意外事故、情形）
& die away渐渐消逝
& die out绝种
& die down(炉火)渐熄
& die off逐一死去
8. fall behind落后
& fall over one's feet 跌跤
& fall down掉下，跌倒
& fall back撤退，后退
& 1) Babies often fall _____ when they are
learning to walk.
& 2) Our team seems to have fallen __________
the others.
& 3) As soon as the enemies fell __________,
the people returned to their village.
& 4) She fell__________ the bench and had her
leg broken.
&（down, behind, back, over
9. go in for从事，喜爱，参加
& go through通过，经受
& go over复习，检查
& go up（价格）上涨，建造起来
& go after追捕，追赶
& go against违反
& go ahead先行，开始吧，问吧，说吧
& go away离开
& go by时间过去
& go down下沉，降低，（日、月）西沉
& go on(with)继续进行
& go with相配，陪同
& go without没有，缺少
& go out外出，熄灭
& go all out全力以赴
& go off爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应
& go back on背约，食言
& go beyond超出
& 1) Many new factories have gone __ in the
past few years.
& 2) Rents have gone __________ greatly
& 3) Many years have gone ___________ since we
first met.
& 4) Let's continue our journey until the sun
goes _______.
& 5) His actions went ___________ the will of
the people,
& 6) I can't do it, for it goes ___________ my
& 7) Over 100 students went ____________ this
entrance examination.
& 8) The bomb went ____________ and killed ten
& 9) The buyer went ___________ the car
carefully before reaching a
decision.&&
& 10) This tie doesn't go ___________ my blue
& 11) If you think you can solve the problem,
go ______.
& 12) Many students went __________ playing
basketball.
& (up, up, by, down, against, beyond, through,
off, over, with, ahead, in for )
10. get down下来，记下，使沮丧
get down to致力于，专心于
&& get on进展，进步，穿上，上车
&& get off脱下,下车
&& get in收集，插（话）
&& get away逃跑，逃脱，去休假
&& get over忘记，越过，克服，从疾病中恢复
&& get along with进展，相处
&& get up起床
&& get through打通电话，完成，通过
&& get round消息传开
&& get close to sth. 接近，几乎
&& get into (trouble)
&& get to (know)
&& get back取回，收回
&& get out
&& 1) She spoke so fast that I
couldn't get ____ what he said.
&& 2) We will find ways to get
_________ difficulties.
&& 3) The story has got
__________, and everyone knows about it.
&& 4) When I get _________
with the report, I'll go to the cinema.
&& 5) After a delicious meal
the two men got __________ to business.
&& 6) Don't always get
__________ a word when others are speaking.
&& 7) It took me a long time
to get ___________ such an unpleasant experience.
&& (down, over, round,
through, down, in, over)
11. give away赠送，泄露，出卖
&& give out发出，疲劳，分发，公布
&& give off发出（光、热、气体）
&& give in (to sb.) 屈服
&& give up放弃，让（座位）
&& 1) His accent at last gave
him __________.
&& 2) The liquid gave ________
a strong smell.
&& 3) The headmaster gave
___________ the names of the prize-winners.
&& 4) The soldiers gave
_________ the town to the enemies.
&& 5) Who will help me to give
the books ___________?
&& 6) Don't believe in those
who give his friends ________.
&& 7) After a long walk, my
strength gave ____________.
&& (away, off, out, up, out,
away, out)
12. hand in交上，提交
&& hand out分发
&& hand down流传，遗传
13. hang about闲逛
&& hang up挂电话
14. hold back阻止，隐瞒
&& hold up举起，使停顿
&& hold on别挂电话，等，坚持
&& hold out持续，坚持，伸出
&& hold down控制，镇压
&& 1) I'm sure he is holding
something _________.
&& 2) She managed to hold
______ her emotion until her guests had left. Then she cried.
&& 3) Tell him to hold
________ a moment. I'll come soon.
&& 4) Our food supply won't
hold _________ for more than a few days.
&& 5) The train was held
________ as a result of the floods.
&& 6) These measures helped to
hold ___________ the city's population.
&& 7) Hold ___________ your
left arm, please.
&& (back, back, on, out, up,
15. keep up (courage, English, spirits)保持，
&& keep up with跟上
&& keep off (grass)不接近，离开
&& keep away
from避开，不接近，离…远远的
&& keep out of
&& keep to (rules,
promise)坚持，遵守&&&
&& keep on继续，坚持下来
&& keep back阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下
&& keep from克制，阻止
&& 1) The angry lady told the
strangers to keep ________ from her.
&& 2) I can hardly keep
________ my tears after hearing his words.
&& 3) Only pride kept her
__________ bursting into tears.
&& 4) I can scarcely keep
__________ asking him what he has done.
&& 5) "Don't touch me,"
screamed the woman, "Keep __________!"
&& 6) Keep _________ until you
&& 7) Keep _________ your
courage, and you'll succeed in the end.
&& 8) The thick coat can keep
the cold ___________.
&& 9) Always try to keep
___________ the rules when you play a game.
&& 10) I can't keep ________
with everything you're doing.
&& (away, back, from, from,
off, on, up, out, to, up)
16. knock at/on敲
&& knock into撞到某人身上
&& knock down撞倒
&& knock out of把…敲出
&& knock over撞倒
&& knock off停止工作，休息
& &1) The boxer soon knocked
his opponent _________.
& &2) The office stuff knocks
_________ at six every day.
& &3) Try knocking __________
the window and see if there is anyone indoors.
& &4) He was so absorbed in
his book that he knocked __________ the car parked there.
& &(down, off, on, into)
17. leave for离开前往
&& leave out删去，遗漏
&& leave behind遗留,忘记拿走
&& leave to留给，遗嘱赠于
&& leave over遗留，剩下，延期
&& 1) "Whose name has been
left __________?" demanded the teacher.
&& 2) When he died, he left
all his property _____ his niece.
&& 3) He suddenly realized
that he had left his umbrella ___________.
&& 4) Don't leave this matter
_________ until tomorrow.
&& 5) Leave some meat
___________ for tomorrow.
&& 6) Those are questions left
_________ by history.
&& (out, to, behind, over,
over, over)
18. look up查找，向上看
&& look through翻阅，浏览
&& look on旁观
&& look on…as看作
&& look into调查
&& look after/ at / for
照顾/看/寻找
&& look out(for)当心
&& look about /
around/round四下查看
&& look down upon瞧不起
&& look back upon回忆，回顾
&& look ab. up and
down仔细打量某人
look ab in the face/eyes直视某人
&& 1) I spent two hours
looking ______ the students' papers.
&& 2)Look _______! There is a
big hole in front.
&& 3) He took part in the
game, and the rest of us just looked ______ and cheered for
&& 4) The old man looked _____
upon the days of his youth.
&& 5) She was so
snobbish（势利）that she looked __________ upon all his neighbours.
&& 6) The police promised to
look __________ the case as soon as possible.
&& 7) He looked __________ but
saw nobody, and he listened but hear nothing.
&& (through, out, on, back,
down, into, about/around/round)
19. make up编造，配制，打扮，组成
&& make up for弥补
&& make into / of / from
out弄懂，发现，看出,填写，开列（清单）
&& make for走向，驶往，促使
&& 1) Can you make this length
of cloth __________ a suit?
& &2) I asked the driver if he
was making ___________ London?
&& 3) My father made
__________ a check for me to buy the camera.
&& 4) We must make the loss
_________ next week./ He tried hard to make ________ for
the damage he had done.
&& 5) He made __________ a
story, which I found hard to believe.
&& 6) Someone is coming, but I
can't make ___________ who it is.
&& (into, for, out, up/up, up,
20. pass away去世
&& pass by经过
&& pass down(on)…to传给
&& pass through经历
&& pass over漠视，忽视
&& 1) The old clock has been
passed ________ to me from my grandfather's grandfather.
&& 2) The man passed
___________ last week in peace.
&& 3) We are passing
____________ difficult times.
&& 4) The secretary passed
___________ the details in the first part of his report.
&& (down, away, through,
21. pay back还钱，报复
&& pay for付钱，为…受到惩罚，因…得到报应
&& pay off还清
&& 1) How much did you pay
__________ the dictionary?
&& 2) You should pay _________
the money you borrowed from me.
&& 3) I'll pay him
____________ for all his crimes(罪行) against me.
&& 4) Some day, you'll pay
__________ what you have done today.
&& 5) Has she pay ____________
the debt yet?
& （for, back, back, for, off）
22. pick up拾起，获得(information)，接人，站起，收听，自然习得(language
/knowledge)，恢复重获(pick up health)
&& pick out挑选，辨认，看出
&& 1) I picked the information
__________ while waiting in the queue.
&& 2) My friend has arranged
to pick me _________ at 6:00.
&& 3) The patient has picked
_________ health during the last two weeks.
&& 4) She picked _______ the
most expensive pair of shoes.
&& 5) I can't pick John
___________ in the crowd.
&& 6) Can I pick __________
VOA with this short-wave radio?
&& 7) He fell down suddenly,
but picked himself ___________ quickly.
&& (up, up, up, out, out, up,
cotton/flower/leaves/words选词
23. put up搭起，张贴，举起，安装，投宿，安排住下
&& put up with忍受
&& put out伸出，扑灭
&& put off推迟
&& put into放进，翻译
&& put away放好，存钱
&& put down记下，平息
&& put on穿戴，上映，增加(put on
weight/speed)
&& put forward 提出，提前
&& put through 接通电话
&& put aside放到一边
&& put back放回
&& 1) He put _________ half
his wage every week.
&& 2) The government soon put
__________ the revolt（暴乱）.
&& 3) Put your watch
__________. It's slow.
&& 4) He put __________ his
hand for me to shake.
&& 5). Please put me
__________ to Extension（分机）2.
&& 6) We put ___________ for
night at the village inn.
&& 7) He is very proud, and he
often put _________ airs.（摆架子）
&& 8) We had a telephone put
_____________ in our office.
&& 9) I can't put __________
with your laziness.
&& (away, down, forward, out,
through, up, on, up, up)
down拆掉，推翻&&&&&
pull on匆匆穿上 / off 脱
in进站&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
pull out取出,(火车)离站
down往下拉,拆毁&&&&&&&&
pull over驶到一边
through恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险境&&&
pull up（使）停住
&& 1) The train slowly pulled
__________ and disappeared in the distance.
&& 2) All the old houses here
have now been pulled ______, and new ones are to be built.
&& 3) The car pulled _________
when I blew the horn.
&& 4) The doctor thinks the
man will pull __________.
&& 5) The driver pulled
________ at the traffic lights.
&& (out, down, over, through,
25. push over推倒，刮倒
&& push ahead(on,
forward)继续前进，坚持下去
through排除困难办好谋事，努力设法通过，挤过
& &1) We've decided to push
__________ with our plan to build a new road
&& 2) Many trees were pushed
__________ in the hurricane.
&& 3) They were determined to
push the new rules ________ at any cost..
&& 4) Take care not to push
the baby _________.
&& 5) They pushed ___________
the crowd and at last reached us.
&& (on, over, through, over,
through )&
across偶然碰到&&&&&
run after追逐，追捕
away逃跑&&&&&&&&&&
run for竞选
into偶然碰到（困难）遇见（人），相撞
&& run out of用完
&& 1) If you drive so fast,
you'll run _________ someone some day.
&& 2) I ran __________ a
friend of mine in the exhibition.
&& 3) Our water has run
__________. Can you fill up some more bottles?
&& 4) Why do you always run
__________ adventure?
&& 5) He didn't want to run
___________ president that year.
&& 6) In that way you will
only run __________ difficulties.
&& ( into, across/into, out,
after, for, into)
27. see off送行
&& see through看透，识破
&& see to照料，照管
28. send for派人去请
&& send off送行
&& send out发出（光亮）等
&& send up发射
29. set up建立
&& set off出发，触发，引起
&& set out动身，着手(to do)，陈述
&& set about开始着手(doing)
&& set to work(n.)开始做
&& set back拨回，使推迟
&& 1) I shall set my watch
___________ by five minutes.
&& 2) We set __________
reading the text aloud immediately the bell rang.
&& 3) We set _________ at
daybreak yesterday and we've been travelling ever since then.
&& 4) I set __________ to
advise him not to drink.
&& 5) What were the reasons he
set ___________ in his report?
&& 6) The president set
__________ a special group of soldiers to guard him.
&& 7) The unpopular law set
_________ a series of protests.（抗议）
&& (back, about, off/out, out,
out, up, off)
30. take off脱掉，起飞
&&&&&&&&take
on呈现 雇佣
away拿走&&&&&&&&&&&&
take in吸收，领会
&& take up从事，占用（时间空间）
down记录，取下&&&&&&
take back收回
&& take for误认为
&&&&&&&&&&&&take
along随身带
&& take over接管
&&&&&&&&&&&&&take
&& 1) I take _________ all I
said about his dishonesty.
&& 2) He went to the shelf and
took __________ a book of poems.
&& 3) At first I took him
_________ a doctor.
&& 4) I can see that most of
you have taken ________ everything that the teacher taught.
&& 5) Bill has now taken
__________ his father's business.
&& 6) My job takes __________
most of my time.
&& 7) The boss took
____________ twenty people for his new company.
&& (back, down, for, in, over,
&& take charge of负责, take sth.
for granted想当然, take hold of抓住, take pride in以… ……为自豪, take the
place of, 代替take turns to do轮流做, take office就职
of想起&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
think of…as把…看作
out想出&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
think up想出
about考虑&&&&&&&&&&&&
think over仔细考虑
&& think well of sb.
对某人看法好
32. turn off / on打开
over翻身，反复考虑，翻（书页），翻转
&& turn out证明为，结果，制造成品
&& turn to转向，求助
&& turn down调低，拒绝
&& turn against变得敌视，反对
&& turn away打发走，驱逐，转过脸去
&& turn back返回，转回去
&& turn round转过身来
&& turn up向上翻，露面，出现，音量调大
&& turn in上缴
&& turn upside
down把倒置，弄得乱七八糟
&& 1) The child turned
__________ its mother for comfort.
&& 2) Turn ___________ and let
me see your face.
&& 3) However much he turned
the problem ________ in mind, he could find no satisfactory
&& 4) The English evening
party turned _________ a great success.
&& 5) The sight of the
accident was too much for her to bear, and she turned _______.
&& 6) The football stadium was
full, and many people had to be turned __________.
&& 7) The army turned him
___________ on account of (因为) his poor health.
&& 8) She turned the whole
house ___________ in her search for her missing purse.
&& 9) Where did your purse
turn ____________? I found it in the snow.
&& 10) The villagers suddenly
turned __________ the foreigners who lived nearby.
&& 11) The factory turns
____________ 2000 new cars last year.
&& (to, round, over, out,
away, away, down, upside down, up, against, out)
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