君，已阅读到文档的结尾了呢~~
ANSI ASHRAE STANDARD 93-2003
扫扫二维码，随身浏览文档
手机或平板扫扫即可继续访问
ANSI ASHRAE STANDARD 93-2003
举报该文档为侵权文档。
举报该文档含有违规或不良信息。
反馈该文档无法正常浏览。
举报该文档为重复文档。
推荐理由：
将文档分享至：
分享完整地址
文档地址：
粘贴到BBS或博客
flash地址：
支持嵌入FLASH地址的网站使用
html代码：
&embed src='/DocinViewer-4.swf' width='100%' height='600' type=application/x-shockwave-flash ALLOWFULLSCREEN='true' ALLOWSCRIPTACCESS='always'&&/embed&
450px*300px480px*400px650px*490px
支持嵌入HTML代码的网站使用
您的内容已经提交成功
您所提交的内容需要审核后才能发布，请您等待！
3秒自动关闭窗口ASHRAE Standard 34-2007 Final_学霸学习网
ASHRAE Standard 34-2007 Final
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2007(Supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2004) Includes ANSI/ASHRAE Addenda listed in Appendix FASHRAE STANDARDDesignation and Safety Classification of RefrigerantsSee Appendix F for approval dates by the ASHRAE Standards Committee, the ASHRAE Board of Directors, and the American National Standards Institute. This standard is under continuous maintenance by a Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) for which the Standards Committee has established a documented program for regular publication of addenda or revisions, including procedures for timely, documented, consensus action on requests for change to any part of the standard. The change submittal form, instructions, and deadlines may be obtained in electronic form from the ASHRAE Web site, http://www.ashrae.org, or in paper form from the Manager of Standards. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standard may be purchased from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA . E-mail: orders@ashrae.org. Fax: 404-321-5478. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide), or toll free 1-800-5274723 (for orders in US and Canada). ? Copyright 2007 ASHRAE, Inc. ISSN www.ansi.orgAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.orgASHRAE Standing Standard Project Committee 34 Cognizant TC: TC 3.1, Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants SPLS Liaison: Roger L. Hedrick Staff Liaison: Douglas K. Tucker William Walter, Chair* Debra H. Kennoy, Vice-Chair* Sean Cunningham David A. Didion* Robert G. Doerr Paul H. Dugard* H. Michael Hughes* Gary W. Jepson* Jay A. Kohler Stephen Kujak Andrew Kusmierz* Thomas J. Leck Scott MacLeod* Daniel Manole* Mark O. McLinden* Nandini C. Mouli Sandra R. Murphy Sunil Nanjundaram Vikas Patnaik Robert G. Richard George M. Rusch John Senediak* Ganesan (Sonny) Sundaresan* Eugene F. Troy David Wilson* *Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publication. ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE
David E. Knebel, Chair Stephen D. Kennedy, Vice-Chair Michael F. Beda Donald L. Brandt Steven T. Bushby Paul W. Cabot Hugh F. Crowther Samuel D. Cummings, Jr. Robert G. Doerr Roger L. Hedrick John F. Hogan Eli P. Howard, III Frank E. Jakob Jay A. Kohler SPECIAL NOTEq?á?=^??êá?~?=k~íá??~?=pí~??~ê?=E^kpF=á?=~=?~íá??~?=???ì?í~êó=???????ì?=?í~??~ê?=??????é??=ì???ê=í??=~ì?éá???=??=í??=^??êá?~? p??á?íó=??=e?~íá??I=o??êá??ê~íá??=~??=^áêJ`???áíá??á??=b??á???ê?=E^peo^bFK= Consensus=á?=???á???=?ó=í??=^??êá?~?=k~íá??~?=pí~??~ê?? f??íáíìí?=E^kpfFI=??=??á??=^peo^b=á?=~=?????ê=~??=??á??=?~?=~ééê????=í?á?=?í~??~ê?=~?=~?=^kpI=~?= ?ì??í~?íá~?=~?ê?????í=ê?~????=?ó ?áê??í?ó=~??=?~í?êá~??ó=~????í??=á?í?ê??í=?~í???êá??K=q?á?=?á??á?á??=í??=????ìêê????=??=??ê?=í?~?=~=?á?é??=?~à?êáíóI=?ìí=??í=??????~êá?ó=ì?~?á?áíóK `??????ì?=ê?èìáê??=í?~í=~??=?á???=~??=??à??íá???=??=????á??ê??I=~??=í?~í=~?=????êí=??=?~??=í??~ê?=í??áê=ê????ìíá??K?=`??é?á~???=?áí?=í?á? ?í~??~ê?=á?=???ì?í~êó=ì?íá?=~??=ì?????=~=???~?=àìêá??á?íá??=?~???=???é?á~???=?~??~í?êó=í?ê?ì??=???á??~íá??K ^peo^b=??í~á??=???????ì?=í?ê?ì??=é~êíá?áé~íá??=??=áí?=?~íá??~?=~??=á?í?ê?~íá??~?=?????ê?I=~????á~í??=???á?íá??I=~??=éì??á?=ê??á??K ^peo^b=pí~??~ê??=~ê?=éê?é~ê??=?ó=~=mê?à??í=`???áíí??=~éé?á?í??=?é??á?á?~??ó=??ê=í??=éìêé???=??=?êáíá??=í??=pí~??~ê?K=q??=mê?à??í `???áíí??=`?~áê=~??=sá??J`?~áê=?ì?í=??=?????ê?=??=^peo^bX=??á??=?í??ê=????áíí??=?????ê?=?~ó=?ê=?~ó=??í=??=^peo^b=?????ê?I=~?? ?ì?í=??= í????á?~??ó=èì~?á?á??=á?=í??= ?ì?à??í=~ê?~=??= í??=pí~??~ê?K=b??êó=????êí=á?= ?~??= í?=?~?~???=í??=?????ê???=á?í?ê??í?=??=~??= mê?à??í `???áíí???K= q??=^??á?í~?í=aáê??í?ê=??=q????????ó=??ê=pí~??~ê??=~??=pé??á~?=mê?à??í?=??=^peo^b=???ì??=??=???í~?í??=??êW ~K=á?í?êéê?í~íá??=??=í??=???í??í?=??=í?á?=pí~??~ê?I ?K=é~êíá?áé~íá??=á?=í??=???í=ê??á??=??=í??=pí~??~ê?I ?K=????êá??=????íêì?íá??=?êáíá?á??=??ê=á?éê??á??=í??=pí~??~ê?I=?ê ?K=é?ê?á??á??=í?=ê?éêá?í=é?êíá???=??=í??=pí~??~ê?KJames D. Lutz Carol E. Marriott Merle F. McBride Mark P. Modera Ross D. Montgomery H. Michael Newman Stephen V. Santoro Lawrence J. Schoen Stephen V. Skalko Bodh R. Subherwal Jerry W. White, Jr. James E. Woods Richard D. Hermans, BOD ExO Hugh D. McMillan, III, COClaire B. Ramspeck, Assistant Director of Technology for Standards and Special ProjectsDISCLAIMER^peo^b=ì???=áí?=???í=????êí?=í?=éê??ì??~í?=pí~??~ê??=~??=dìá???á???=??ê=í??=?????áí=??=í??=éì??á?=á?=?á??í=??=~?~á?~???=á???ê?~íá??=~?? ~???éí??=á??ì?íêó=éê~?íá???K=e?????êI=^peo^b=????=??í=?ì~ê~?í??I=??êíá?óI=?ê=~??ìê?=í??=?~??íó=?ê=é?ê??ê?~???=??=~?ó=éê??ì?í?I=???é????í?I ?ê= ?ó?í???= í??í??I= á??í~????I= ?ê= ?é?ê~í??= á?= ~???ê?~???= ?áí?= ^peo^b??= pí~??~ê??= ?ê= dìá???á???= ?ê= í?~í= ~?ó= í??í?= ????ì?í??= ì???ê= áí? pí~??~ê??=?ê=dìá???á???=?á??=??=????~ò~ê??ì?=?ê=?ê??=?ê??=êá??KASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDS^peo^b=pí~??~ê??=~??=dìá???á???=~ê?=??í~??á????=í?=~??á?í=á??ì?íêó=~??=í??=éì??á?=?ó=????êá??=~=ì?á??ê?=??í???=??=í??íá??=??ê=ê~íá?? éìêé????I=?ó=?ì????íá??=?~??=éê~?íá???=á?=???á??á??=~??=á??í~??á??=?èìáé???íI=?ó=éê??á?á??=éê?é?ê=???á?áíá???=??=í?á?=?èìáé???íI=~??=?ó=éê??á?á?? ?í??ê=á???ê?~íá??=í?~í=?~ó=??ê??=í?=?ìá??=í??=á??ì?íêóK=q??=?ê?~íá??=??=^peo^b=pí~??~ê??=~??=dìá???á???=á?=??í?ê?á???=?ó=í??=????=??ê=í???I ~??=?????ê?~???=í?=í???=á?=???é??í??ó=???ì?í~êóK f?=ê???êêá??=í?=í?á?=pí~??~ê?=?ê=dìá???á??=~??=á?=?~ê?á??=??=?èìáé???í=~??=á?=~???êíá?á??I=??=??~á?=??~??=??=?~??I=?áí??ê=?í~í??=?ê=á?é?á??I í?~í=í??=éê??ì?í=?~?=????=~ééê????=?ó=^peo^bKCONTENTS ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2007 Designation and Safety Classification of RefrigerantsSECTION PAGE c?ê???ê? KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O N==mìêé??? KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O O==p??é? KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O P==a??á?áíá???=??=q?ê?? KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O Q==kì???êá??=??=o??êá??ê~?í? KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK R R==a??á??~íá??KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK T S==p~??íó=dê?ìé=`?~??á?á?~íá???KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK T T==o??êá??ê~?í=`?????íê~íá??=iá?áí=Eo`iF KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK V U==o??êá??ê~?í=`?~??á?á?~íá???KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NM V==^éé?á?~íá??=f??íêì?íá???KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NM NM==o???ê????? KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NP q~???=NW=o??êá??ê~?í=a~í~=~??=p~??íó=`?~??á?á?~íá??? KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NR q~???=OW=a~í~=~??=p~??íó=`?~??á?á?~íá???=??ê=o??êá??ê~?í=_????? KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NT q~???=PW=c?~??~?á?áíó=`?~??á?á?~íá???KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NV f???ê?~íá??=^éé???á?=^W=f????ê=a??á??~íá??=b?~?é???KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OM k?ê?~íá??=^éé???á?=_W=a?í~á??=??=q??íá???c?~??~?á?áíó KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OM f???ê?~íá??=^éé???á?=`W=_á??á??ê~é?óKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OP f???ê?~íá??=^éé???á?=aW=o??êá??ê~?í=a~í~=Ef???ê?~íá??FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OP f???ê?~íá??=^éé???á?=bW=q??á?áíó=~??=c?~??~?á?áíó=a~í~=??ê=pá????J`??é?ì??=o??êá??ê~?í? KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OU f???ê?~íá??=^éé???á?=cW=^?????~=a???êáéíá??=f???ê?~íá?? KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PMNOTE When addenda, interpretations, or errata to this standard have been approved, they can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAE Web site at http://www.ashrae.org.? Copyright 2007 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1791 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org All rights reserved.(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merely informative and does not contain requirements necessary for conformance to the standard. It has not been processed according to the ANSI requirements for a standard and may contain material that has not been subject to public review or a consensus process. Unresolved objectors on informative material are not offered the right to appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.) FOREWORD ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2007 is the latest edition of Standard 34, which describes a shorthand way of naming refrigerants and assigns safety classifications based on toxicity and flammability data. The 2007 edition combines Standard 34-2004 and the 23 approved and published addenda to the 2004 edition, thereby providing an easy-to-use consolidated standard. More specific information on the contents of each addendum and its approval dates is included in an informative appendix at the end of this standard. First published in 1978, Standard 34 is now updated on a regular basis using ASHRAE’s continuous maintenance procedures. According to these procedures, Standard 34 is continuously revised―often several times a year―by addenda that are publicly reviewed, approved by ASHRAE and ANSI, and published on the ASHRAE Web site. Because the standard changes as new addenda are published, users are encouraged to sign up for the free Internet list server for the ASHRAE Standards Actions publication, which provides notice of all public reviews and approved and published addenda and errata. At the minimum, users should periodically review the ASHRAE Web site to ensure that they have all of the published addenda. Among the key changes that were incorporated in the 2007 edition are the following: ? ? ? Added thirteen refrigerants to Table 2 and three to Table 1. Added the requirement for refrigerant applications in electronic format in addition to the printed copies. Added a column to Tables 1 and 2 titled “Highly Toxic or Toxic Under Code Classification,” with each refrigerant designated as highly toxic, toxic (as defined by the International Fire Code, Uniform Fire Code, and OSHA), or neither (for refrigerants less toxic than as defined above); also added definitions for these terms and updated the references. Removed the following four data requirements from the application instructions: freezing point or trible point for individual chemicals, vapor composition for the asformulated saturated liquid composition at the normal boiling point and at 20°C for all blends, and the dew-point vapor pressure at 20°C and 60°C for zeotropic blends. Added guidance for the numbering of C4-C8 alkanes. Revised the refrigerant flammability classification and provided details on the required flammability and fractionation testing procedures. Added an informative appendix containing refrigerant data such as molecular mass and normal boiling point for the refrigerants listed. It also provides bubble points and dew points for azeotropic blends.??? ?Added a new section to the standard to specify the criteria to determine recommended RCLs in occupied spaces and added RCL values to Tables 1 and 2. Increased the ODL from 69,100 to 140,000 ppm for locations with altitudes at and below 1000 m (3300 ft) above sea level. Increased the cardiac sensitization default from 0 to 1000 ppm. Added an informative appendix containing toxicity and flammability data for single-compound refrigerants.Users of the standard are encouraged and invited to use the continuous maintenance procedure to suggest changes for further improvements. A form for submitting proposed changes to the standard is included at the back of this edition. The project committee for Standard 34 will take formal action on all proposals received. 1. PURPOSE This standard is intended to establish a simple means of referring to common refrigerants instead of using the chemical name, formula, or trade name. It also establishes a uniform system for assigning reference numbers and safety classifications to refrigerants. The standard identifies requirements to apply for designations and safety classifications for refrigerants, including blends, in addenda or revisions to this standard. 2. SCOPE This standard provides an unambiguous system for numbering refrigerants and assigning composition-designating prefixes for refrigerants. Safety classifications based on toxicity and flammability data are included. This standard does not imply endorsement or concurrence that individual refrigerant blends are suitable for any particular application. 3. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS acute toxicity: the adverse health effect(s) from a single, short-term exposure, as might occur during an accidental release of refrigerants. acute-toxicity exposure limit (ATEL): the refrigerant concentration limit determined in accordance with this standard and intended to reduce the risks of acute toxicity hazards in normally occupied, enclosed spaces. ATEL values are similar to the Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) concentrations set by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). ATELs include explicit, additional components for cardiac sensitization and anesthetic effects, but they do not address flammability. The lowest of the ATEL, 50,000 ppm by volume, or 10% of the lower flammability limit, therefore, provides a conservative approximation to IDLH concentrations when needed for refrigerants without adopted IDLH values. approximate lethal concentration (ALC): the concentration of a substance, a refrigerant in this standard, that was lethal to even a single test animal when tested by the same conditions as for an LC50 test.ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2007?? ??2anesthetic effect: loss of the ability to perceive pain and other sensory stimulation. azeotropic: an azeotropic blend is one containing two or more refrigerants whose equilibrium vapor and liquid phase compositions are the same at a given pressure. At this pressure, the slope of the temperature vs. composition curve equals zero, which mathematically is expressed as (dt/dx)p = 0, which, in turn, implies the occurrence of a maximum, minimum, or saddle point temperature. Azeotropic blends exhibit some segregation of components at other conditions. The extent of the segregation depends on the particular azeotrope and the application. azeotropic temperature: the temperature at which the liquid and vapor phases of a blend have the same mole fraction of each component at equilibrium for a specified pressure. blends: refrigerants consisting of mixtures of two or more different chemical compounds, often used individually as refrigerants for other applications. cardiac sensitization: an acute effect in which the heart is rendered more sensitive to the body’s own catecholamine compounds or administered drugs, such as epinephrine, possibly resulting in irregular heart beat (cardiac arrhythmia), which could be fatal. ceiling: an exposure level, permissible exposure level-ceiling (PEL-C), or threshold limit value-ceiling (TLV-C), that should not be exceeded during any part of the day. central nervous system (CNS) effect: treatment-related depression, distraction, stimulation, or other behavioral modification suggesting temporary or permanent changes to control by the brain. chronic toxicity: adverse health effect(s) from long-term, repeated exposures. This information is used, in part, to establish a TLV-TWA, PEL, or consistent indices. committee: as used in the standard, refers to ASHRAE Standing Standards Project Committee (SSPC) 34. compounds: substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions by mass. critical point: the location on a plot of thermodynamic properties at which the liquid and vapor states of a substance meet and become indistinguishable. The temperature, density, and composition of the substance are the same for the liquid and vapor phases at this point. The density, pressure, specific volume, and temperature at the critical point are referred to as the critical density, critical pressure, critical volume, and critical temperature, respectively. cyclic compound: an organic compound that contains three or more atoms arranged in a ring structure. EC50 (effective concentration 50%): the concentration of a material, a refrigerant in this standard, that has caused a biological effect to 50% of test animals. elevated temperature flame limit (ETFL): the minimum concentration of refrigerant that is capable of propagating a flame through a homogeneous mixture of the refrigerant and air using test equipment and procedures specified in Section B1.1 (in Normative Appendix B) at 101.3 kPa(14.7 psia) and either 60.0°C (140°F) or 100°C (212°F). It is normally expressed as a refrigerant percentage by volume. When tested at 60.0°C, it is called the ETFL60. When tested at 100°C, it is called the ETFL100. flame propagation: any combustion that moves upward and outward from the point of ignition as defined in Section B1.8 in Normative Appendix B. flammable concentration limit (FCL): the refrigerant concentration limit, in air, determined in accordance with this standard and intended to reduce the risk of fire or explosion in normally occupied, enclosed spaces. fractionation: a change in composition of a blend by preferential evaporation of the more volatile component(s) or condensation of the less volatile component(s). glide: the absolute value of the difference between the starting and ending temperatures of a phase-change process by a refrigerant within a component of a refrigerating system, exclusive of any subcooling or superheating. This term usually describes condensation or evaporation of a zeotrope. halocarbon: as used in this standard, a hydrocarbon derivative containing one or more of the halogens bromine, chlorine, hydrogen also may be present. heat of combustion (HOC): the heat released when a substance is combusted, determined as the difference in the enthalpy between the reactants (refrigerant[s] and air) and their products after combustion as defined in Section 6.1.3.5. The heat or enthalpy of combustion is often expressed as energy per mass (e.g., kJ/kg or Btu/lb). highly toxic: A material that produces a lethal dose or lethal concentration that falls within any of the following categories:12,13,14 1. A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of 50 milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight when administered orally to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams each. 2. A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of 200 milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight when administered by continuous contact for 24 hours (or less if death occurs within 24 hours) with the bare skin of albino rabbits weighing between 2 and 3 kilograms each. 3. A chemical that has a median lethal concentration (LC50) in air of 200 parts per million by volume or less of gas or vapor, or 2 milligrams per liter or less of mist, fume, or dust, when administered by continuous inhalation for one hour (or less if death occurs within one hour) to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams each. hydrocarbon: a compound containing only the elements hydrogen and carbon. isomer: one of a group of compounds having the same chemical composition with differing molecular structures. Examples include R-123 and R-123a, both of which contain one hydrogen atom and two carbon, three flourine, an both chlorine atoms are bonded to the same carbon atom in R-123 (CHCl 2CF 3), but one is bonded to each in3ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2007R-123a (CHClFCClF2). The methane series of refrigerants cannot form isomers because the single-carbon nucleus does not enable structural variations. LC50 : a measure of acute inhalation toxicity representing a lethal concentration for 50% of exposed test animals for a specified time interval and species of animal. lower flammability limit (LFL): the minimum concentration of a substance, a refrigerant in this standard, that is capable of propagating a flame through a homogeneous mixture of the substance and air under specified test conditions. lowest observed effect level (LOEL): the concentration of a material, a refrigerant in this standard, that has caused any observed effect to even one test animal. maximum temperature glide: the difference between the saturated liquid temperature (bubble point) and the saturated vapor temperature (dew point) for the “as formulated” blend composition at constant pressure. For a given pressure, the evaporator temperature glide in a direct expansion system will typically be 70% to 80% of the maximum temperature glide, as the refrigerant blend entering the evaporator is a mixture of liquid and vapor, and not at the saturated liquid temperature of the “as formulated” blend composition. near azeotropic: a zeotropic blend with a temperature glide sufficiently small that it may be disregarded without consequential error in analysis for a specific application. nominal formulation: the bulk manufactured composition of the refrigerant, which includes the gas and liquid phases. For the purpose of this standard, when a container is 80% or more liquid filled, the liquid composition may be considered the nominal composition. no-observed-effect level (NOEL): the highest concentration of a material, a refrigerant in this standard, at which no effect has been observed in even one test animal. nonazeotropic: a synonym for zeotropic, the latter being the preferred descriptor. Both non and a are negation prefixes, the latter from Latin, and therefore cancel one another (i.e., notnot-zeotropic, hence zeotropic). The double negative results from antecedent interest in, and the need to make a distinction with, azeotropic mixtures. oxygen deprivation limit (ODL): the concentration of a refrigerant or other gas that results in insufficient oxygen for normal breathing. ppm: parts per million. permissible exposure level (PEL): the time-weighted average concentration (set by the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA]) for a normal 8-hour work day and a 40-hour work week to which nearly all workers can be repeatedly exposed without adverse effect. Chemical manufacturers publish similar recommendations (e.g., acceptable exposure level, AEL; industrial exposure limit, IEL; or occupational exposure limit, OEL, depending on the company), generally for substances for which PEL has not been established. refrigerant: the fluid used for heat transfer in a
the refrigerant absorbs heat and transfers it at a highertemperature and a higher pressure, usually with a phase change. Substances added to provide other functions, such as lubrication, leak detection, absorption, or drying, are not refrigerants. refrigerant concentration limit (RCL): the refrigerant concentration limit, in air, determined in accordance with this standard and intended to reduce the risks of acute toxicity, asphyxiation, and flammability hazards in normally occupied, enclosed spaces. relative molecular mass: the ratio of the mass of a molecule to 1/12 of that of carbon-12. The relative molecular mass is numerically equivalent to the molecular weight expressed in g/ mol, but it is dimensionless. saturated: an organic (carbon-containing) compound in which each carbon atom is joined all of the chemical bonds in a saturated compound are single. short-term exposure limit (STEL): typically a 15-minute time-weighted average (TWA) exposure that should not be exceeded at any time during a work day. temperature glide: see glide. threshold limit values (TLVs): refer to airborne concentrations of substances and represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse health effects. Because of the wide variation in individual susceptibility, however, a small percentage of workers may experience discomfort from some substances at concentrations at or below a smaller percentage may be affected more seriously by aggravation of a pre-existing condition or by development of an occupational illness. Smoking of tobacco is harmful for several reasons. Smoking may act to enhance the biological effects of chemicals encountered in the workplace and may reduce the body’s defense mechanisms against toxic substances. Individuals may also be hypersusceptible or otherwise unusually responsive to some industrial chemicals because of genetic factors, age, personal habits (smoking, use of alcohol or other drugs), medication, or previous exposure. Such workers may not be adequately protected from adverse health effects from certain chemicals at concentrations at or below the threshold limits. An occupational physician should evaluate the extent to which such workers require additional protection. TLVs are based on the best available information from industrial experience, from experimental human and animal studies, and, when possible, from a combination of the three. The basis on which the values are established may differ from su protection against impairment of health may be a guiding factor for some, whereas reasonable freedom from irritation, narcosis, nuisance, or other forms of stress may form the basis for others.1 (This definition reprinted by permission of ACGIH.) threshold limit valueCtime-weighted average (TLV-TWA): the time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect.1 (This definition reprinted by permission of ACGIH.)4ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2007toxic: A chemical falling within any of the following categories:12,13,14 1. A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of more than 50 milligrams per kilogram but not more than 500 milligrams per kilogram of body weight when administered orally to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams each. 2. A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of more than 200 milligrams per kilogram but not more than 1000 milligrams per kilogram of body weight when administered by continuous contact for 24 hours (or less if death occurs within 24 hours) with the bare skin of albino rabbits weighing between 2 and 3 kilograms each. 3. A chemical that has a median lethal concentration (LC50) in air of more than 200 parts per million but not more than 2000 parts per million by volume of gas or vapor, or more than 2 milligrams per liter but not more than 20 milligrams per liter of mist, fume, or dust, when administered by continuous inhalation for one hour (or less if death occurs within one hour) to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams each. toxicity: the ability of a refrigerant to be harmful or lethal due to acute or chronic exposure by contact, inhalation, or ingestion. The effects of concern include, but are not limited to, those of carcinogens, poisons, reproductive toxins, irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, hepatoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, agents that act on the hematopoietic system, and agents that damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes. For this standard, temporary discomfort at a level that is not impairing is excluded. workplace environmental exposure level (WEEL): an occupational exposure limit set by the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA). worst case of formulation for flammability (WCF): the nominal formulation, including the composition tolerances, that results in the most flammable concentration of components. worst case of fractionation for flammability (WCFF): the composition produced during fractionation of the worst case of formulation for flammability that results in the highest concentration of flammable component(s) as identified in this standard in the vapor or liquid phase. zeotropic: blends comprising multiple components of different volatilities that, when used in refrigeration cycles, change volumetric composition and saturation temperatures as they evaporate (boil) or condense at constant pressure. The word is derived from the Greek words zein (to boil) and tropos (to change). 4. NUMBERING OF REFRIGERANTS An identifying number shall be assigned to each refrigerant. Reference 1 in Informative Appendix C provides background on the need for a standard refrigerant nomenclature. Assigned numbers are shown in Tables 1 and 2. 4.1 The identifying numbers assigned to the hydrocarbons and halocarbons of the methane, ethane, propane, and cyclobutane series are such that the chemical composition of the compounds can be explicitly determined from the refrigerantnumbers, and vice versa, without ambiguity. The molecular structure can be similarly determined for the methane, ethane, and most of the propane series. 4.1.1 The first digit on the right is the number of fluorine (F) atoms in the compound. 4.1.2 The second digit from the right is one more than the number of hydrogen (H) atoms in the compound. 4.1.3 The third digit from the right is one less than the number of carbon (C) atoms in the compound. When this digit is zero, it is omitted from the number. 4.1.4 The fourth digit from the right is equal to the number of unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds in the compound. When this digit is zero, it is omitted from the number. 4.1.5 In those instances where bromine (Br) is present in place of part or all of the chlorine, the same rules apply, except that the uppercase letter B after the designation for the parent chlorofluoro compound shows the presence of bromine. The number following the letter B shows the number of bromine atoms present. 4.1.6 The number of chlorine (Cl) atoms in the compound is found by subtracting the sum of fluorine (F), bromine (Br), and hydrogen (H) atoms from the total number of atoms that can be connected to the carbon (C) atoms. For saturated refrigerants, this number is 2n + 2, where n is the number of carbon atoms. The number is 2n for mono-unsaturated and cyclic-saturated refrigerants. 4.1.7 The carbon atoms shall be numbered sequentially, in order of appearance, with the number 1 assigned to the end carbon with the most number of hydrogen substituents. In the case where both end carbons contain the same number of (but different) halogen atoms, the number 1 shall be assigned to the first end carbon, defined as having the largest number of bromine, then chlorine, then fluorine, and then iodine atoms. 4.1.8 In the case of isomers in the ethane series, each has the same number, with the most symmetrical one indicated by the number alone. As the isomers become more and more unsymmetrical, successive lowercase letters (i.e., a, b, or c) are appended. Symmetry is determined by first summing the atomic mass of the halogen and hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom. One sum is subtr the smaller the absolute value of the difference, the more symmetrical the isomer. For an example of this system, see Informative Appendix A. 4.1.9 In the case of isomers in the propane series, each has the same number, with the isomers distinguished by two appended lowercase letters. The first appended letter indicates the substitution on the central carbon atom (C2): a ?CCl2? ?CClF? b c ?CF2? ?CClH? d ?CFH? e f ?CH2? For halogenated derivatives of cyclopropane, the carbon atom with the largest sum of attached atomic masses shall be considered the for these compounds, the first appended letter is omitted. The second appended letter indicates the relative symmetry of the substituents on the endANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-20075carbon atoms (C1 and C3). Symmetry is determined by first summing the atomic masses of the halogen and hydrogen atoms attached to the C1 and C3 carbon atoms. One sum is subtr the smaller the absolute value of this difference, the more symmetrical the isomer. In contrast to the ethane series, however, the most symmetrical isomer has a second appended letter of a (as opposed to no appended letter for ethane isomers); increasingly asymmetrical isomers are assigned successive letters. Appended letters are omitted when no isomers are possible, and the number alone represents the molecular str for example, CF3CF2CF3 is designated R-218, not R-218ca. An example of this system is given in Informative Appendix A. 4.1.10 Bromine-containing, propane-series isomers cannot be uniquely designated by this system. 4.2 For cyclic derivatives, the letter C is used before the identifying refrigerant numbers. 4.3 Ether-based refrigerants shall be designated with the prefix “E” (for “ethers”) immediately preceding the number. Except for the following differences, the root number designations for the hydrocarbon atoms shall be determined according to the current standard for hydrocarbon nomenclature (see Section 4.1). 4.3.1 Two-carbon, dimethyl ethers require no further suffixes, as the presence of the “E” prefix provides an unambiguous description. 4.3.2 Straight chain, three-carbon ethers require the agreement of the hydrocarbon ordering in Section 4.1.7. 4.3.2.1 The position(s) of the ether oxygen(s) shall be given by the carbons to which they are first encountered. An additional integer identifying the first carbon to which the ether oxygen is attached will be appended to the suffix letters. 4.3.2.2 In the case of otherwise symmetric hydrocarbon structures, the ether oxygen shall appear in the earliest sequential position. 4.3.2.3 Even in those cases where only a single propane isomer exists for the hydrocarbon portion of the ether structure, such as CF3-O-CF2-CF3, the suffix letters described in Section 4.1.9 shall be retained. In this cited example, the correct designation shall be R-E218ca1. 4.3.2.4 Structures containing two interspersed oxygen atoms, di-ethers, shall be designated with two following integers to designate the positions of the ether oxygens. 4.3.3 For cyclic ethers carrying both the “C” and “E” prefixes, the “C” shall precede the “E,” as “CE,” to designate “cyclic ethers.” For four-membered cyclic ethers, including three carbon and one ether oxygen atom, the root number designations for the hydrocarbon atoms shall be constructed according to the current standard for hydrocarbon nomenclature (Section 4.1). 4.4 Blends shall be identified by the designations assigned in this standard. Blends without assigned designations shall be identified by their compositions, listing the components in order of increasing normal boiling points separated by slashes, for example, R-32/134a for a blend of R-32 and R-134a. Specific formulations shall be further identified by appending the corresponding mass fractions expressed as percentages to onedecimal place and enclosed in parentheses, for example, R-32/ 134a (30.0/70.0). No component shall be permitted at less than 0.6% m/m nominal. When formulation tolerances are relevant to the discussion, the corresponding tolerances shall be appended in a second set of parentheses, for example R-32/ 125/134a (30.0/10.0/60.0) (+1.0,-2.0/±2.0/±2.0) for a blend of R-32, R-125, and R-134a with nominal mass fractions of 30.0%, 10.0%, and 60.0%, respectively, and mass fractions of 28.0%C31.0%, 8.0%C12.0%, and 58.0%C62.0% with tolerances, again respectively. 4.4.1 Designation. Zeotropic blends shall be assigned an identifying number in the 400 series. Azeotropes shall be assigned an identifying number in the 500 series. To differentiate among blends having the same components with different proportions (% m/m), an uppercase letter shall be added as a suffix in serial order of assignment. An example of a zeotrope would be R-401A, and an example of an azeotrope would be R-508A. 4.4.2 Composition Tolerances. Blends shall have tolerances specified for individual components. Those tolerances shall be specified to the nearest 0.1% m/m. The maximum tolerance above or below the nominal shall not exceed 2.0% m/m. The tolerance above or below the nominal shall not be less than 0.1% m/m. The difference between the highest and the lowest tolerances shall not exceed one-half of the nominal component composition. 4.5 Miscellaneous organic compounds shall be assigned numbers in the 600 series in decadal groups, as outlined in Table 1, in serial order of designation within the groups. For the saturated hydrocarbons with 4 to 8 carbon atoms, the number assigned shall be 600 plus the number of carbon atoms minus 4. For example, butane is R-600, pentane is R601, hexane is R-602, heptane is R-603, and octane is R-604. The straight-chain or “normal” hydrocarbon has no suffix. For isomers of the hydrocarbons with 4 to 8 carbon atoms, the lower-case letters a, b, c, etc., are appended to isomers according to the group(s) attached to the longest carbon chain as indicated in the table below. For example, R-601a is assigned for 2-methylbutane (isopentane) and R-601b would be assigned for 2,2-dimethylpropane (neopentane). Attached Group(s) none (straight chain) 2-methyl2,2-dimethyl3-methyl2,3-dimethyl3,3-dimethyl2,4-dimethyl2,2,3-trimethyl3-ethyl4-methyl2,5-dimethyl3,4-dimethyl2,2,4-trimethyl2,3,3-trimethyl2,3,4-trimethyl2,2,3,3-tetramethyl 3-ethyl-2-methyl3-ethyl-3-methylSuffix No suffix a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q6ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-20074.6 Inorganic compounds shall be assigned numbers in the 700 and 7000 series. 4.6.1 For compounds with relative molecular masses less than 100, the number shall be the sum of 700 and the relative molecular mass, rounded to the nearest integer. 4.6.2 For compounds with relative molecular masses equal to or greater than 100, the number shall be the sum of 7000 and the relative molecular mass, rounded to the nearest integer. 4.6.3 When two or more inorganic refrigerants have the same relative molecular masses, uppercase letters (i.e., A, B, C, etc.) shall be added, in serial order of designation, to distinguish among them. 5. DESIGNATION 5.1 General. This section provides guidance on prefixes for refrigerants to improve uniformity in order to promote understanding. Both technical and nontechnical designations are provided, to be selected based on the nature and audience of the use. 5.2 Identification. Refrigerants shall be identified in accordance with Section 5.2.1, 5.2.2, or 5.2.3. Section 5.2.1 shall be used in technical publications (for international uniformity and to preserve archival consistency), on equipment nameplates, and in specifications. Section 5.2.2 can be used for single-component halocarbon refrigerants, where distinction between the presence or absence of chlorine or bromine is pertinent. Composition designation may be appropriate for nontechnical, public, and regulatory communications addressing ozone-depleting compounds. Section 5.2.3 can be used, under the same circumstances as Section 5.2.2, for blends (both azeotropic and zeotropic). Section 5.2.1 shall be used for miscellaneous organic and inorganic compounds. 5.2.1 Technical Prefixes. The identifying number, as determined by Section 4, shall be preceded by the letter R, the word Refrigerant (Refrigerants if more than one), or the manufacturer’s trademark or trade name. Examples include: R 12, R-12, Refrigerant 12, &Trade Name& 12, &Trade Name& R 12, R-500, R-22/152a/114 (36.0/24.0/40.0), and R-717. Trademarks and trade names shall not be used to identify refrigerants on equipment nameplates or in specifications. 5.2.2 Composition-Designating Prefixes. The identifying number, as determined by Section 4, shall be prefixed by the letter C for carbon and preceded by B, C, or F―or a combination thereof in this sequence―to signify the presence of bromine, chlorine, or fluorine, respectively. Compounds that also contain hydrogen shall be further preceded by the letter H to signify the increased deterioration potential before reaching the stratosphere.3 The compositional designating prefixes for ether shall substitute an “E” for “C,” such that “HFE,” “HCFE,” and “CFE” refer to hydrofluoroethers, hydrochlorofluoroethers, and chlorofluoroethers, respectively. Examples include: CFC-11, CFC-12, BCFC12B1, BFC-13B1, HCFC-22, HC-50, CFC-113, CFC-114, CFC-115, HCFC-123, HCFC-124, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-143a, HFC-152a, HC-170, and FC-C318.5.2.3 Recognized blends (whether azeotropic, near-azeotropic, or zeotropic) with assigned numbers can be identified by linking the appropriate composition-designating prefixes of individual components (e.g., CFC/HFC-500). Blends without assigned numbers can be identified using appropriate composition-designating prefixes for each component (e.g., HCFC-22/HFC-152a/CFC-114 [36.0/24.0/40.0]). Linked prefixes (e.g., HCFC/HFC/CFC-22/152a/114 [36.0/24.0/ 40.0]) and prefixes implying synthesized compositions (e.g., HCFC-500 or HCFC-22/152a/114 [36.0/24.0/40.0]) shall not be used. 5.2.4 Composition-designating prefixes should be used only in nontechnical publications in which the potential for ozone depletion is pertinent. The prefixes specified in Section 5.2.1, augmented if necessary as indicated in Section 5.4, are preferred in other communications. Section 5.2.1 also may be preferable for blends when the number of components makes composition-designating prefixes awkward, such as for those containing more than three individual components (e.g., in tetrary and pentary blends). 5.3 Other prefixes, including ACFC and HFA, for alternative to chlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbon alternative, respectively, shall not be used. Similarly, neither FC nor CFC shall be used as universal prefixes to signify the fluorocarbon and chlorofluorocarbon families of refrigerants (i.e., other than as stipulated in Section 5.2.2). 5.4 The convention specified in Section 5.2.1 can be complemented with pertinent data, when appropriate, as a preferred alternative to composition-designating prefixes in technical communications. For example, the first mention of R-12 in a discussion of the ozone-depletion issue might read, “R-12, a CFC” or “R-12 (ODP = 1.0).” Similarly, a document on the greenhouse effect could cite “R-22 (GWP = 0.34 relative to R-11),” and one on flammability might refer to “R-152a (LFL = 4.1%).” 6. SAFETY GROUP CLASSIFICATIONS 6.1 Refrigerants shall be classified into safety groups according to the following criteria. 6.1.1 Classification. The safety classification shall consist of two alphanumeric characters (e.g., A2 or B1). The capital letter indicates the toxicity as determined by Section 6.1.2; the arabic numeral denotes the flammability as determined by Section 6.1.3. 6.1.2 Toxicity Classification. Refrigerants shall be assigned to one of two classes―A or B―based on allowable exposure: Class A signifies refrigerants for which toxicity has not been identified at concentrations less than or equal to 400 ppm by volume, based on data used to determine threshold limit valueCtime-weighted average (TLVC TWA) or consistent indices. Class B signifies refrigerants for which there is evidence of toxicity at concentrations below 400 ppm by volume, based on data used to determine TLV-TWA or consistent indices.ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-200776.1.3 Flammability Classification. Refrigerants shall be assigned to one of three classes―1, 2, or 3―based on flammability. Tests shall be conducted in accordance with ASTM E6812 using a spark ignition source. Testing of all halocarbon refrigerants shall be in accordance with the Annex of ASTM E681. Single-compound refrigerants shall be assigned a single flammability classification. Refrigerant blends shall be assigned flammability classifications as specified in Section 6.1.5. Blends shall be assigned a flammability classification based on their WCF and WCFF, as determined from a fractionation analysis (see Section B2 in Normative Appendix B). A fractionation analysis for flammability is not required if the components of the blend
the blend shall be that same class (see Table 3). 6.1.3.1 Class 1 a. A single-compound refrigerant shall be classified as Class 1 if the refrigerant does not show flame propagation when tested in air at 100°C (212°F) and 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia). The WCF of a refrigerant blend shall be classified as Class 1 if the WCF of the blend does not show flame propagation when tested in air at 100°C (212°F) and 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia). The WCFF of a refrigerant blend shall be classified as Class 1 if the WCFF of the blend, as determined from a fractionation analysis specified by Section B.2 in Normative Appendix B, does not show flame propagation when tested at 60.0°C (140°F) and 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia). 6.1.3.2 a. Class 26.1.3.3 a.Class 3b.b.c.c.A single-compound refrigerant shall be classified as Class 3 if the refrigerant meets both of the following conditions: 1. exhibits flame propagation when tested at 100°C (212°F) and 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia) and 2. has an LFL ≤ 0.10 kg/m3 (0.0062 lb/ft3) (see Section 6.1.3.4 if the refrigerant has no LFL at 23.0°C and 101.3 kPa) or it has a heat of combustion that is ≥19,000 kJ/kg (8,169 Btu/lb). The WCF of a refrigerant blend shall be classified as Class 3 if it meets both of the following conditions: 1. the WCF exhibits flame propagation when tested at 100°C (212°F) and 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia) and 2. the WCF has an LFL ≤ 0.10 kg/m3 (0.0062 lb/ft3) (see Section 6.1.3.4 if the WCF of the blend has no LFL at 23.0°C and 101.3 kPa) or the WCF of the blend has a heat of combustion that is ≥19,000 kJ/kg (8,169 Btu/lb). The WCFF of a refrigerant blend shall be classified as Class 3 if it meets both of the following conditions: 1. the WCFF exhibits flame propagation when tested at 60.0°C (140°F) and 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia) and 2. the WCFF has an LFL ≤ 0.10 kg/m3 (0.0062 lb/ft3) (see Section 6.1.3.4 if the WCFF of the blend has no LFL at 23.0°C and 101.3 kPa) or the WCFF of the blend has a heat of combustion that is ≥19,000 kJ/kg (8,169 Btu/lb).b.c.A single-compound refrigerant shall be classified as Class 2 if the refrigerant meets all three of the following conditions: 1. exhibits flame propagation when tested at 100°C (212°F) and 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia), 2. has an LFL & 0.10 kg/m3 (0.0062 lb/ft3) (see Section 6.1.3.4 if the refrigerant has no LFL at 23.0°C and 101.3 kPa), and 3. has a heat of combustion &19,000 kJ/kg (8,169 Btu/lb) (see Section 6.1.3.5). The WCF of a refrigerant blend shall be classified as Class 2 if it meets all three of the following conditions: 1. exhibits flame propagation when tested at 100°C (212°F) and 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia), 2. has an LFL & 0.10 kg/m3 (0.0062 lb/ft3) (see Section 6.1.3.4 if the WCF of the blend has no LFL at 23.0°C and 101.3 kPa), and 3. has a heat of combustion &19,000 kJ/kg (8,169 Btu/lb) (see Section 6.1.3.5). The WCFF of a refrigerant blend shall be classified as Class 2 if it meets all three of the following conditions: 1. exhibits flame propagation when tested at 60.0°C (140°F) and 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia), 2. has an LFL & 0.10 kg/m3 (0.0062 lb/ft3) (see Section 6.1.3.4 if the WCFF of the blend has no LFL at 23.0°C and 101.3 kPa), and 3. has a heat of combustion &19,000 kJ/kg (8,169 Btu/lb) (see Section 6.1.3.5).6.1.3.4 For Class 2 or Class 3 refrigerants or refrigerant blends, the LFL shall be determined. For those Class 2 or Class 3 refrigerants or refrigerant blends that show no flame propagation when tested at 23.0°C (73.4°F) and 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia) (i.e., no LFL), an elevated temperature flame limit (ETFL) shall be used in lieu of the LFL for determining their flammability classifications, as follows. a. b. c. For a single-compound refrigerant, the ETFL100 shall be used in lieu of the LFL. For the WCF of a refrigerant blend, the EFTL100 shall be used in lieu of the LFL. For the WCFF of a refrigerant blend, the EFTL60 shall be used in lieu of the LFL.6.1.3.5 The heat of combustion shall be calculated for conditions of 25°C (77°F) and 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia). a. For single-component refrigerants, the heat of combustion can be calculated, if the heat of formation (enthalpy of formation) of the refrigerant and its products of reaction are known. Values for heats of formation are tabulated in several chemical and physical property handbooks and databases. The heat of combustion is the enthalpy of formation of the reactants (refrigerant and oxygen) minus the enthalpy of formation of the products of reaction. In this standard, the heat of combustion is positive for exothermic reactions. Calculated values shall be based on the complete combustion of one mole of refrigerant with enough oxygen for a stoichiometric reaction. The reactants and the combustion products shall be8ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2007b.c.assumed to be in the gas phase. The combustion products shall be CO2 (N2 or SO2 if nitrogen or sulfur are part of the refrigerant’s molecular structure), HF and HCl, if there is enough hydrogen in the molecule. If there is insufficient hydrogen available for the formation of both HF and HCl, then the formation of HF takes preference over the formation of HCl. The remaining F and Cl produce F2 and Cl2. Excess H shall be assumed to be converted to H2O. For refrigerant blends, the heat of combustion shall be measured or calculated from a balanced stoichiometric equation of all component refrigerants. Heats of formation and heats of combustion are normally expressed as energy per mole (kJ/mol or Btu/mol). For purposes of flammability classification under this standard, convert the heat of combustion for a refrigerant from an energy per mole value to an energy per mass value (kJ/kg or Btu/lb).volume. The TLV-TWA for a specific blend composition shall be calculated from the TLV-TWA of the individual components (Appendix C of Reference 2). 6.2 Other Standards. This classification is to be used in conjunction with other relevant safety standards, such as ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15, Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems.4 7. REFRIGERANT CONCENTRATION LIMIT (RCL) 7.1 Single-Compound Refrigerants. The RCL for each refrigerant shall be the lowest of the quantities calculated in accordance with Sections 7.1.1, 7.1.2, and 7.1.3, using data as indicated in Section 7.3 and adjusted in accordance with Section 7.4. Determination shall assume full vaporization with no removal by ventilation, dissolution, reaction, or decomposition and complete mixing of the refrigerant in the space to which it is released. 7.1.1 Acute-Toxicity Exposure Limit (ATEL). The ATEL shall be the lowest of items (a) through (d) as follows: a. Mortality: 28.3% of the 4-hour LC50 for rats. If not determined, 28.3% of the 4-hour ALC for rats. If neither has been determined, 0 ppm. The following equations shall be used to adjust LC50 or ALC values that were determined with 15-minute to 8-hour tests for refrigerants for which 4-hour test data are not available: LC50 for T = LC50 for t ? (t/T)1/2 or ALCT = ALCt ? (t/T)1/2 where T = t = b. 4 hours test duration expressed in hours, 0.25C86.1.4 Matrix Diagram of Safety Group Classification System. The toxicity and flammability classifications described in Sections 6.1.1, 6.1.2, and 6.1.3 yield six separate safety group classifications (A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, and B3) for refrigerants. These classifications are represented by the matrix shown in Figure 1. 6.1.5 Safety Classification of Refrigerant Blend. Blends, whether zeotropic or azeotropic, whose flammability and/or toxicity characteristics may change as the composition changes during fractionation, shall be assigned a safety group classification based on the worst case of fractionation. This classification shall be determined according to the same criteria as that for a single-compound refrigerant. For flammability, worst case of fractionation is defined as the composition during fractionation that results in the highest concentration of the flammable component(s) in the vapor or liquid phase. For toxicity, worst case of fractionation is defined as the composition during fractionation that results in the highest concentration of the component(s) in the vapor or liquid phase for which the TLV-TWA is less than 400 ppm bySAFETY GROUP I N C R E A S I N G F L A M M A B I L I T YHigher Flammability Lower Flammability No Flame PropagationA3B3c.A2B2A1 Lower ToxicityB1 d. Higher ToxicityCardiac Sensitization: 100% of the NOEL for cardiac sensitization in unanesthetized dogs. If not determined, 80% of the LOEL for cardiac sensitization in dogs. If neither has been determined, 1000 ppm. The cardiac sensitization term is omitted from ATEL determination if the LC50 or ALC in (a) is less than 10,000 ppm by volume or if the refrigerant is found, by toxicological review, not to cause cardiac sensitization. Anesthetic or Central Nervous System Effects: 50% of the 10-minute EC50 in mice or rats for loss of righting ability in a rotating apparatus. If not determined, 50% of the LOEL for signs of any anesthetic or CNS effect in rats during acute toxicity studies. If neither has been determined, 80% of the NOEL for signs of any anesthetic or CNS effect in rats during an acute, subchronic, or chronic toxicity study in which clinical signs are documented. Other Escape-Impairing Effects and Permanent Injury: 80% of the lowest concentration, for human exposures of 30 minutes, that is likely to impair ability to escape or to cause irreversible health effects.INCREASING TOXICITYFigure 1Refrigerant safety group classification.7.1.2 Oxygen Deprivation Limit (ODL). The ODL shall be 140,000 ppm by volume for locations with altitudes at and below 1000 m (3300 ft) above sea level. At locations with alti-ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-20079tudes greater than 1000 m (3300 ft) above sea level, the ODL shall be 69,100 ppm. 7.1.3 Flammable Concentration Limit (FCL). The FCL shall be calculated as 25% of the LFL determined in accordance with Section 6.1.3. 7.2 Blends. The RCL for refrigerants comprising multiple compounds shall be determined by the method in Section 7.1 except that individual parameter values in Section 7.1.1 (a) through (d) shall be calculated as the mole-weighted average, by composition of the nominal formulation, of the values for the components. 7.3 Data for Calculations. The data used to calculate the RCL shall be taken from scientific and engineering studies or published safety assessments by governmental agencies or expert panels. The applications submitted under Section 8, or therein referenced source studies for toxicity data, must indicate the extent of compliance with good laboratory practices (GLP) in accordance with references 5, 6, 7, or 8 or earlier editions of these references in effect when the studies were performed. Data from peer-reviewed publications, including journal articles and reports, also are allowed. 7.3.1 Alternative Data. Data from studies that have not been published, from studies that have not been peer reviewed, or from studies involving species other than those indicated in Section 7.1.1 (a) through (d), shall be submitted to the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) for approval. For RCL values to be published in addenda or revisions to this standard, the AHJ shall be the committee. Submissions shall include an evaluation of the experimental and analytical methods used, data from alternative sources, and the extent of the data search. The submissions shall summarize the qualifications of the person or persons providing the evaluation. 7.3.2 Conservative Data. Where multiple data values have been published, the values used shall be those resulting in the lowest RCL. Exceptions: a. Where subsequent, peer-reviewed studies explicitly document flaws in or refinements to previously published data, the newer values shall be used. b. For the cardiac sensitization and anesthetic effect NOEL in Section 7.1.1 (b) and (c), respectively, the highest-published NOEL not exceeding a published LOEL, for any fraction of tested animals, shall be used. Both the NOEL and LOEL must conform to Section 7.3 or 7.3.1 for this exception. 7.3.3 No-Effect Data. Where no treatment-related effect was observed in animal tests for Section 7.1.1 items (a) through (d), the ATEL calculation required by Section 7.1.1 shall use the highest concentration tested in lieu of the specified effect or no-effect level. 7.3.4 ALC and LOEL Qualification. No ALC or LOEL shall be used for Section 7.1.1 items (a) through (c) if it resulted in the effect measured (mortality, cardiac sensitization, or anesthetic effect) in more that half the animals exposed at that concentration or if there is a lower ALC or LOEL for any fraction of tested animals.7.3.5 Consistent Measures. Use of data that are determined in consistent manner, or by methods that consistently yield a lower RCL for the same effects, is allowed for the parameters identified in Section 7.1. 7.4 Units Conversion7.4.1 Mass per Unit Volume. The following equation shall be used to convert the RCL from a volumetric ratio, ppm by volume, to mass per unit volume, g/m3 (lb/Mcf): RCLM = RCL ? a ? M where RCLM = the RCL expressed as g/m3 (lb/Mcf) RCL a M = the RCL expressed as ppm v/v = 4.096 ? 10C5 for g/m3 (1.160 × 10C3 for lb/Mcf) = the molecular mass of the refrigerant in g/mol (lb/mol)7.4.2 Adjustment for Altitude. The RCL shall be adjusted for altitude, when expressed as mass per unit volume, g/m 3 (lb/Mcf), for locations above sea level. The RCL shall not be adjusted when expressed as a volumetric ratio, ppm. rcla = RCLM ? (1 C [b ? h]) where rcla b h = the adjusted RCLM = 7.94 ? 10C5 for m (2.42 ? 10C5 for ft) = altitude above sea level in m (ft)7.5 RCL Values. Refrigerants are assigned the RCLs indicated in Tables 1 and 2. 7.5.1 Influence of Contaminants. The RCLs indicated in Tables 1 and 2 are based on dat RCLs shall be determined in accordance with Section 7.5.2 for refrigerants containing contaminants or other impurities that alter the flammability or toxicity. 7.5.2 RCLs for Other Refrigerants. RCLs for other refrigerants shall be determined in accordance with this standard and submitted to the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) for approval. Submissions shall include an evaluation of the experimental and analytical methods used, data from alternative sources, and an indication of the extent of the data search. The submission shall summarize the qualifications of the person or persons that prepared the recommended RCLs. 8. REFRIGERANT CLASSIFICATIONS Refrigerants are assigned the classifications indicated in Tables 1 and 2. Toxicity and flammability data used to determine RCL values are summarized in informative Appendix E. 9. APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS This section identifies requirements to apply for designations and safety classifications for refrigerants, including blends, in addenda or revisions to the standard.10ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-20079.1 Eligibility 9.1.1 Applicants. Any interested party may request designations and safety classifications for refrigerants. Applicants may be individuals, organizations, businesses, or government agencies. A primary contact shall be identified for groups of individuals, organizations, businesses, or agencies. Neither the individuals nor primary contacts need be members of ASHRAE. 9.1.2 Fee. There is no application fee. 9.1.3 Timing. Applications may be submitted at any time. Committee consideration will be deferred if received by committee members less than 30 calendar days before a scheduled meeting. Applicants may communicate with the Manager of Standards (see Section 9.8.6) to determine when the next meeting is scheduled and the additional lead time required. Consideration also may be deferred, by vote of the majority of voting members present, if inadequate opportunity was afforded for review based on the number or complexity of applications received for a specific meeting. 9.1.4 Precedence. Applications normally will be taken up in the order received. Early submission will be beneficial in the event that too many applications are received for consideration at a specific meeting. 9.1.5 Amendments. Pending applications may be amended to revise or add information whether initiated by the applicant or in response to a committee request for further information. Amended applications will be resequenced to the date of receipt of the last amendment to determine the order of consideration. Amendments shall be separated into the parts indicated in Section 9.2, beginning the information for each part on a new page to facilitate insertion in the original or previously amended application. Amendments must repeat the data certification specified in Section 9.4.2. Rejected applications may not be amended, but they may be resubmitted in their entirety as new applications based on new information that may become available. 9.1.6 Blends 9.1.6.1 Components. The components of refrigerant blends must be individually classified before safety classifications will be assigned to blends containing them. Applications for designation and classification of blends, therefore, shall be accompanied or preceded by applications for all components not yet classified in this standard. 9.1.6.2 Single Application. Designations, formulation tolerances, and safety classifications (both as formulated and for the worst case of fractionation) shall be requested in a single application for blends. None of these will be assigned separately. Revisions of these items may be requested separately. 9.1.7 Confidentiality. Confidential information shall not be included in applications. All information contained in applications and amendments thereto shall be deemed to be public information, even if marked as confidential or proprietary. Restricted handling of data would unduly impede committee deliberations and assignment of designations and classifications through a consensus review process. 9.2 Organization and Content. Separate applications shall be submitted for each refrigerant. Applications shall be orga-nized into the following parts as further identified in Sections 9.3 through 9.8: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Cover Administrative information Designation information Toxicity information Flammability information Other safety information (if applicable) Appendices (if applicable)9.3 Cover. The cover shall identify the applicant and primary contact, the refrigerant in accordance with Section 9.5.1, and requested action. Requested actions may include assignment or revision of a designation, safety classification, or―for blends―formulation tolerance. Commercial and trade names for refrigerants shall not be used on the cover. 9.4 Administrative Information 9.4.1 Applicant Identification. The applicant, primary contact, and other persons authorized to represent the applicant shall be identified. Names, titles, addresses, and phone numbers shall be provided for the primary contact and other representatives. Fax numbers and e-mail addresses also may be provided to facilitate communications. The applicant’s interest in the subject refrigerant shall be stated. 9.4.2 Data Certification. An application shall include the following statements signed by the individual(s