(PDF) El&ments d&&conomie du paysage
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15.82French National Institute for Agricultural Research18.62Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)The aim of this paper is to gather together fragments, who are yet split in to separate fields of economics. Landscape provides amenities and support recreational and tourism activities, it appears both as an economic resource and as a local public good. Landscape economics could benefits from both public economics concepts and methodology, and from New Economic Geography. Moreover, as a new field, Landscape Economics emphasizes the role of enforcement of property rights’ devices in the Landscape formation. This paper try to relate the path dependency at work in Landscape transformations to the strength of viscosity forces (transaction and administrative costs, infrastructure costs, nexus of rights, etc.). Finally, facing divided ownership issues and public policies external effects, the Landscape’ governance should make use of various instruments and methods in order to provide socially optimal level of landscapes’ quality and diversity.Discover the world's research15+ million members118+ million publications700k+ research projects
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· Technical ReportFull-text availableApr 2012ChapterOct 2017ProjectIoannis TikoudisThis project assess the environmental and economic effectiveness of spatial and land use planning instruments, as well as the potential gains from policy reforms. This work consists of a series of …& [more]Project- Assess the environmental and economic effectiveness of spatial and land use planning instruments,
- Identify potential gains from policy reforms.
- Spatially explicit empirical analyses of the …& [more]ProjectProject[...]DataMarch 2014The aim of this paper is to gather together fragments, who are yet split in to separate fields of economics. Landscape provides amenities and support recreational and tourism activities, it appears both as an economic resource and as a local public good. Landscape economics could benefits from both public economics concepts and methodology, and from New Economic Geography. Moreover, as a new... [Show full abstract]ArticleFebruary 2008Cet article propose une évaluation contingente des services esthétiques et récréatifs rendus par un parc urbain. Les dispositions à payer d’un échantillon d’usagers d’un parc urbain dans la ville d’Angers (le parc Balzac) ont été révélées sur la base de deux scénarios reflétant des changements d’attributs paysagers. Les attributs retenus correspondent au degré d’ouverture et à l’effort de... [Show full abstract]ArticleJanuary 2009Corruption in the public sector erodes tax compliance and leads to higher tax evasion. Moreover, corrupt public officials abuse their public power to extort bribes from the private agents. In both types of interaction with the public sector, the private agents are bound to face uncertainty with respect to their disposable incomes. To analyse effects of this uncertainty, a stochastic dynamic... [Show full abstract]ArticleJanuary 2011 · Landscape provides amenities and supports recreational, residential and productive activities. It appears both as an economic resource and as a local public good. Landscape economics uses both public economics and spatial economics concepts, but draws some specificity due to the social and cultural dimensions of landscapes. Moreover, it emphasises the role of the enforcement of property... [Show full abstract].命令格式：du&[选项][文件]命令功能：和命令参数：-a或-all&&显示目录中个别文件的大小。&&&-b或-bytes&&显示目录或文件大小时，以byte为单位。&&&-c或--total&&除了显示个别目录或文件的大小外，同时也显示所有目录或文件的总和。&-k或--kilobytes&&以KB(1024bytes)为单位输出。-m或--megabytes&&以MB为单位输出。&&&-s或--summarize&&仅显示总计，只列出最后加总的值。-h或--human-readable&&以K，M，G为单位，提高信息的可读性。-x或--one-file-xystem&&以一开始处理时的文件系统为准，若遇上其它不同的文件系统目录则略过。&-L&符号链接&或--dereference&符号链接&&显示选项中所指定符号链接的源文件大小。&&&-S或--separate-dirs&&&显示个别目录的大小时，并不含其子目录的大小。&-X&文件&或--exclude-from=&文件&&&在&文件&指定目录或文件。&&&--exclude=&目录或文件&&&&&&&&&&略过指定的目录或文件。&&&&-D或--dereference-args&&&显示指定符号链接的源文件大小。&&&-H或--si&&与-h参数相同，但是K，M，G是以1000为换算单位。&&&-l或--count-links&&&重复计算硬件链接的文件。&&使用实例：实例1：显示目录或者文件所占空间&命令：du输出：[root@localhost&test]#&du608&&&&&./test6308&&&&&./test44&&&&&&&./scf/lib4&&&&&&&./scf/service/deploy/product4&&&&&&&./scf/service/deploy/info12&&&&&&./scf/service/deploy16&&&&&&./scf/service4&&&&&&&./scf/doc4&&&&&&&./scf/bin32&&&&&&./scf8&&&&&&&./test31288&&&&.[root@localhost&test]#说明：只显示当前目录下面的子目录的目录大小和当前目录的总的大小，最下面的1288为当前目录的总大小实例2：指定命令：输出：[root@localhost&test]#&du&log2012.log&300&&&&&log2012.log[root@localhost&test]#说明：实例3：查看指定目录的命令：输出：[root@localhost&test]#&du&scf4&&&&&&&scf/lib4&&&&&&&scf/service/deploy/product4&&&&&&&scf/service/deploy/info12&&&&&&scf/service/deploy16&&&&&&scf/service4&&&&&&&scf/doc4&&&&&&&scf/bin32&&&&&&scf[root@localhost&test]#说明：实例4：显示多个文件所占空间命令：输出：[root@localhost&test]#&du&log30.tar.gz&log31.tar.gz&4&&&&&&&log30.tar.gz4&&&&&&&log31.tar.gz[root@localhost&test]#说明：实例5：只显示总和的大小命令：输出：[root@localhost&test]#&du&-s1288&&&&.[root@localhost&test]#&du&-s&scf32&&&&&&scf[root@localhost&test]#&cd&..[root@localhost&soft]#&du&-s&test1288&&&&test[root@localhost&soft]#说明：实例6：方便阅读的格式显示命令：du&-h&test输出：[root@localhost&soft]#&du&-h&test608K&&&&test/test6308K&&&&test/test44.0K&&&&test/scf/lib4.0K&&&&test/scf/service/deploy/product4.0K&&&&test/scf/service/deploy/info12K&&&&&test/scf/service/deploy16K&&&&&test/scf/service4.0K&&&&test/scf/doc4.0K&&&&test/scf/bin32K&&&&&test/scf8.0K&&&&test/test31.3M&&&&test[root@localhost&soft]#说明：实例7：文件和目录都显示命令：输出：[root@localhost&soft]#&du&-ah&test4.0K&&&&test/log31.tar.gz4.0K&&&&test/test13.tar.gz0&&&&&&&test/linklog.log0&&&&&&&test/test6/log2014.log300K&&&&test/test6/linklog.log0&&&&&&&test/test6/log2015.log4.0K&&&&test/test6/log2013.log300K&&&&test/test6/log2012.log0&&&&&&&test/test6/log2017.log0&&&&&&&test/test6/log2016.log608K&&&&test/test60&&&&&&&test/log2015.log0&&&&&&&test/test4/log2014.log4.0K&&&&test/test4/log2013.log300K&&&&test/test4/log2012.log308K&&&&test/test44.0K&&&&test/scf/lib4.0K&&&&test/scf/service/deploy/product4.0K&&&&test/scf/service/deploy/info12K&&&&&test/scf/service/deploy16K&&&&&test/scf/service4.0K&&&&test/scf/doc4.0K&&&&test/scf/bin32K&&&&&test/scf4.0K&&&&test/log2013.log300K&&&&test/log2012.log0&&&&&&&test/log2017.log0&&&&&&&test/log2016.log4.0K&&&&test/log30.tar.gz4.0K&&&&test/log.tar.bz24.0K&&&&test/log.tar.gz0&&&&&&&test/test3/log2014.log4.0K&&&&test/test3/log2013.log8.0K&&&&test/test34.0K&&&&test/scf.tar.gz1.3M&&&&test[root@localhost&soft]#说明：实例8：命令：输出：[root@localhost&test]#&du&-c&log30.tar.gz&log31.tar.gz&4&&&&&&&log30.tar.gz4&&&&&&&log31.tar.gz8&&&&&&&总计[root@localhost&test]#说明：。实例9：按照空间大小排序命令：输出：[root@localhost&test]#&du|sort&-nr|more1288&&&&.608&&&&&./test6308&&&&&./test432&&&&&&./scf16&&&&&&./scf/service12&&&&&&./scf/service/deploy8&&&&&&&./test34&&&&&&&./scf/service/deploy/product4&&&&&&&./scf/service/deploy/info4&&&&&&&./scf/lib4&&&&&&&./scf/doc4&&&&&&&./scf/bin[root@localhost&test]#说明：实例10：输出当前目录下各个子目录所使用的空间命令：输出：[root@localhost&test]#&du&-h&&--max-depth=1608K&&&&./test6308K&&&&./test432K&&&&&./scf8.0K&&&&./test31.3M&&&&.[root@localhost&test]#说明：
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求不定积分∫ u√[(u^2) -5]
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∫ u√[(u^2) -5] du=(1/2)∫√(u² -5)du²=(1/2)∫(u² -5)^(1/2)d(u²-5)=(1/2)(2/3)(u² -5)^(3/2)=(1/3)(u² -5)^(3/2)
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∫（0到2）xdx/(x^2-2x+2)^2 令x=1+tanu 后得出 原式=2 ∫(0到π /4)（cosu）^2du?
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∫[0,2]xdx/(x^2-2x+2)^2=∫[0,2] (1/2)(2x-2)dx/(x^2-2x+2)^2+∫[0,2]dx/(x^2-2x+2)^2=(1/2)∫[0,2]d(x^2-2x+2)/(x^2-2x+2)^2 +∫[0,2]d(x-1)/[(x-1)^2+1]^2=(-1/2)(1/(x^2-2x+2))|[0,2] +(1/2)arctan(x-1)|[0,2] +(1/2)(x-1)/(x^2-2x+2)|[0,2]=(1/2)*(π/2）+1/2
..x=1+tanu,d(x-1)=secu^2du
∫d(x-1)/[(x-1)^2+1]^2=∫cosu^2du=(1/2)∫(1+cos2u)du=(1/2)u+(1/2)sinucosu
=(1/2)arctan(x-1)+(1/2)(x-1)/(x^2-2x+2)
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