当前位置：
＞＞＞英汉互译。1. 在中国2. amapoftheworld 3. 说英语4. thePala..
英汉互译。
1. 在中国&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&& 2. a&map&of&the&world&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &3. 说英语&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&4. the&Palace&Museum&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &5. 加拿大国旗&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &6.&the&capital&city&of&China&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&7. 中国的西部&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &8. the&White&House&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 9. 美国的东部&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 10. a&beautiful&beach&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
题型：翻译题难度：中档来源：同步题
1. in&China&&& &&2. 一张世界地图&& &&3. speak&English&&&& &4. 故宫&&&&& 5. Canada's&flag&&&&6. 中国的首都&&& &7. west&of&China&& &&8. 白宫&& &&9. east&of&the&U.&S.&&&& 10. 一个美丽的沙滩答案不唯一
马上分享给同学
据魔方格专家权威分析，试题“英汉互译。1. 在中国2. amapoftheworld 3. 说英语4. thePala..”主要考查你对&&单词、词组&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下：
现在没空？点击收藏，以后再看。
因为篇幅有限，只列出部分考点，详细请访问。
单词、词组
主要是对单词、词组的一些理解掌握，集中出现的题型有：找出不同类的单词、判断正误、单词词组的英汉互译等。 小学英语单词记忆法：在小学英语教学中，记忆单词是学生学习的最大障碍，尤其是低年级的学生，刚刚接触英语，死记硬背下来的方法既吃力，又很容易遗忘，掌握英语单词量的多少，直接影响着学习效果。一、拼音式记忆法如：数字“十”ten，可以让学生联想成ten的拼音发音。男人们“men”汉语拼音便是men……二、谐音记忆法1.单词读音谐音法可能老师们都已经发现，刚接触英语的小学生会在你教的单词下面写上相应的汉语“谐音”(和汉语相仿的读音)大部分老师会阻止孩子们这样的行为，但我不认为这是错误的，我会根据他们的思路继续引导，在谐音的基础上画图、联想，三者结合，这样对单词的记忆就非常深刻，如：apple单词的汉语谐音是“阿婆”画图“一个阿婆手里拿着一个苹果”联想，看到图画联想到apple的读音，汉意。2.字母音与汉字音相结合谐音记忆法如讲述颜色单词红色red时，我会让学生记住一句话，阿姨地里的苹果红了……这一句话，不仅让学生加深了三个字母r，e，d的粗读，还记住了这个单词的顺序，同时又记住了这个单词的汉意“红色”，这样一句话，可谓一石三鸟，在实际的教学中收到了良好的效果……三、形近串连记忆法如tea茶叶，eat吃，teacher教师，meat肉，这些单词形近，于是我会让学生说，老师吃茶吃肉，这样一句话，让学生一下子便记住了四个单词。Purple people紫色的人们，monday moon monkey星期一，月儿升，照猴子……四、字母谐音及外形和故事结合记忆法单词eleven “十一”很多同学记忆吃力，即便是当时记住了，可是很短时间又忘了,于是我便用这样一个办法来让学生牢牢记在了脑海里啊，不客气地说……这种方法想让学生想忘记都难呢，我是这样讲的：三个阿姨(e)走娘家，(她的娘家门牌号是11.)想知道三个阿姨带什么礼物给她们的娘吗?学生们此时齐呼，想……，于是，我接着说，她们的礼物可有意思啊，第一个阿姨带去了一把勾子(l这个字母形状像勾)，第二个阿姨呢，竟带去了一把剪刀(v像剪刀)，第三个阿姨特别有意思，把自己的大门扛了去……想必是娘家的大门坏了……要女儿去换哩……学生们听了后哈哈大笑……，我于是说，现在同学们把这个单词默写出来吧……，孩子们不过几秒钟，竟准确无误地连续写了好几遍……五、循环记忆法这种方法是一个传统的记忆方法，也是来是们使用的做多的方法，人的大脑有一个特点，对某个信息反复刺激才能记住，例如，三年级的学生我每天规定记忆的词汇量是五个单词，第二天记忆十个其中包括第一天的五个，第三天背十五个其中包括前两天的，照这样累计，这种方法也许对于孩子来说是枯燥无味的，但每个单词却都对大脑刺激无数次，从而记得比较牢。六、浏览记忆法所谓浏览就是将你要记忆的单词看一遍，但必须每天坚持看，时间不宜过长，一般控制在一小时以内，经过多次的浏览，单词汇很轻松的在脑海里留下印象。七、同音记忆法如 two，to，too(二，到，也) 、 write和right(写，正确 )、 see，sea(看，海)、meet和meat(碰见，肉)……总之，记忆单词的方法很多，人们可以根据自己的习惯和文化背景进行记忆，每天背诵单词的时间和数量要根据俄自己的具体情况决定，背诵要选择一天中头脑最清晰、精力最充沛的时候进行。此外，记住单词虽然可以采取好的方法进行记忆，但背单词的三大宗旨不能忘：1、贵在坚持;2、遵循人的记忆规律，并根据艾滨浩斯遗忘规律，循环复习比一次性记忆有效。3、背诵的词汇只有真正运用到听、说、读、写各方面才能将英语运用自如小学单词汇总：学习用品pen pencil pencil-case ruler book bag comic book post card newspaper schoolbag eraser crayon sharpener story-book notebook magazine 人体foot head face hair nose mouth eye ear arm finger leg tail动物cat dog pig duck rabbit horse elephant ant kangaroo monkey fish bird panda bear lion tiger sheep goat cow donkey 人物friend boy girl mother father sister brother uncle man woman Mr Miss lady mom mother dad father parents grandparents grandpa grandma aunt cousin son classmate principal university student pen pal pal people职业teacher student doctor nurse&& driver& &farmer&& singer& writer& actor&& actress&& artist&& TV reporter&& engineer&& accountant& policeman salesperson cleaner baseball player assistant policeman颜色red blue yellow green white black pink purple orange brown]食品rice bread beef milk water egg fish tofu cake hot dog hamburger noodles meat chicken pork mutton vegetable soup ice-cream Coke juice tea coffee (breakfast lunch dinner)水果,蔬菜apple banana pear orange watermelon grape eggplant green beans tomato potato peach cucumber strawberry onion carrot cabbage 衣服jacket shirt T-shirt skirt dress jeans pants socks shoes sweater coat shorts sneakers slippers sandals boots hat 交通工具bike bus train boat ship car taxi yacht taxi jeep van plane subway motor cycle杂物window door desk chair computer board fan light teacher's desk picture wall floor curtain trash bin closet mirror end table football present lamp phone sofa shelf fridge table air-conditioner photo plate knife fork spoon ball kite box violin e-card e-mail traffic light money medicine地点home room bedroom bathroom living room kitchen classroom school park library post office hospital cinema bookstore farm zoo garden study playground canteen teacher's office gym washroom art room company factory fruit stand pet shop nature park theme park bank village city国家China/PRC America/USA England Canada/CAN天气cold warm cool snowy sunny hot rainy windy cloudy weather reporter景物river lake stream forest path raod house bridge building rain cloud sun mountain sky 植物flower grass tree seed sprout plant leaf星期day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday weekend月份month January February March April May June July August September October November December year季节spring summer fall(autumn) winter方位south north east west left right患病have a fever hurt have a cold have toothache have a headache have a sore throat数词One two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety first second third fourth fifth eighth ninth twelfth twentieth形容词big small long tall short young old strong thin active quiet nice kind strict smart funny tasty sweet salty sour fresh favourite clean tired excited angry happy bored sad fine great heavy new fat happy right little lovely beautiful colourful pretty cheap expensive sick better介词in on under near behind next to over in front to from to for代词I me my we us our you your he him his she her it its they them their动词Play swim skate fly jump walk run climb fight swing eat like have turn buy take live teach go study learn sing dance row do homework watch TV read books cook the meals water the flowers sweep the floor clean the bedroom make the bed set the table wash the clothes do the dishes use a computer do morning exercises eat breakfast eat dinner go to school have English class play sports get up climb mountains go shopping play the piano visit grandparents go hiking fly kites make a snowman plant trees draw pictures cook dinner read a book answer the phone listen to music clean the room write a letter write an e-mail drink water take pictures watch insects pick up leaves do an experiment catch butterflies count insects collect insect collect leaves write a report play chess have a picnic get to ride a bike play the violin make kites collect stamps meet welcome thank work look help pass show use clean open close stop wait drive send feel become think wear put on go home go to bed play computer games do housework empty the trash put away the clothes get off(on) take a trip go on a trip read a magazine go to the cinema疑问词what(什么) what colour(什么颜色) what time(几点) what day(星期几) how(怎样)how old(年龄多大,几岁)how many(多少) how much (多少钱) how tall (多高)how heavy(多重) how long(多长) how big(多大) how large(面积多大) who(谁) when(什么时候) whose (谁的) where(在哪里) why(为什么) which(哪一个)be动词am is are was were助动词:do does did 情态动词can should would will
发现相似题
与“英汉互译。1. 在中国2. amapoftheworld 3. 说英语4. thePala..”考查相似的试题有：
158474568147458194143114825275当前位置：
＞＞＞英汉互译。1. the photo of your family 2. love...very mu..
英汉互译。
1. the photo of your family 2. love...very much&&&&&&&& 3. see you soon&&&&&&&&&&&& 4. picture 1&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&5. his grandparents&&&&&&&&
___________________________________&&&&&&
6. 为……而感谢&& 7. 笔友&&&&&&&&&& 8. 一张全家照&&&& 9. 她的叔叔&&&&&& 10. 我的堂兄妹们&&
___________________________________&&&&&&
题型：翻译题难度：中档来源：同步题
1. 你家人的照片&&2. 非常喜爱……&&3.一会儿见&4. 图1&&5.他的祖父母 6.Thanks／Thank you for...&7. pen friend&&8.a family photo／picture&&9. her uncle10. my cousins
马上分享给同学
据魔方格专家权威分析，试题“英汉互译。1. the photo of your family 2. love...very mu..”主要考查你对&&翻译能力&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下：
现在没空？点击收藏，以后再看。
因为篇幅有限，只列出部分考点，详细请访问。
英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时就要掌握所学句型及短语，还要灵活运用。汉译英的考点很多，不仅考查学生的语言基本功，即对词汇的记忆能力和理解能力，还考查学生在具体的语境中灵活运用词汇知识和语法知识的能力。&初中英语翻译题解题技巧：翻译题在初中英语试题中占15分，题型分为两种，一种是汉译英（11分），它分为部分翻译5个和整句翻译3个，另一种是英译汉（4分）。汉译英谈谈解题技巧：可以从时态、语态、固定短语、主谓一致、基本句型等许多方面来考查。& 汉译英题的解题步骤如下：& 1.通读汉语，了解这个句子所要表达的意思& 2.阅读英文，找出其中要考查的内容，揣摩出题人的意图，并分析。 3.观察一下要求翻译的汉语，然后联想一下相关的词汇、句型，并考虑时态、语态、词形变化、主谓一致等问题。 4.翻译出所缺的英文部分。& 5.将翻译好的句子再通读一遍，并从时态、语态、词形、数的一致等方面检查一下。a.上课做笔记是个好习惯。It’s&a&good&habbit&to&_____&in&class.&观察后发现考查的内容为一个短语，所以经过联想，想到take&notes&这个短语，并注意复数形式。&b.几年来，他拍了几部大片。&____________________________这是一个整句翻译，首先想到“几年来”这个短语over&the&years,它是固定短语，然后想到它所用到的时态为现在完成时，所以这个句子写成：Over&the&years,&he&has&made&some&great&movies.&c.必须经常浇树。&一看到这个题目，有的同学有些发懵，因为这个句子没有主语，那么就要想到被动语态，而且是含有“必须”这个情态动词，这时就可以联想到含有情态动词的被动语态的构成：主语+情态动词+be&+p.p&所以这个句子写成：Trees&must&be&watered&often.英译汉解题步骤如下： 1.浏览整段文章，清楚大概内容。& 2.分析划线部分的句子含义，遇到不会的生词，要从上下文的内容中来猜测。& 3.整理好所思考的句子，注意英汉语言方面的差异，所翻译好的句子必须符合汉语逻辑思维,而且语言要通顺，意思要明确。& eg. Do dogs wear shoes? Some police dogs in western Germany do. People made special shoes for them. Police say that these shoes can protect the dogs from broken glass.&翻译这句话时，必须把“do”翻译出来，否则意思不明确。根据上下文”do”表示穿鞋，所以整句翻译为：有些德国西部的警犬穿鞋。 那么，想做好这种类型的题，平时必须多下功夫，必须做到：&1.熟练掌握常用的词汇、短语、习惯用语和固定搭配的用法。&2.掌握各种句型结构。&3.掌握各种时态、语态及主谓一致原则。&4.具有用英语思维的习惯。&5.熟读课文，万变不离其宗，无论怎样变化，考试都离不开教材这个大的考纲。英语翻译技巧：英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中。1.增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be…"结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如：　　（1）What about calling him right away?马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？ （增译主语和谓语）　　（2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句）　　（3）Indeed, the reverse is true实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词）　　（4）就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.（增译物主代词）　　（5）只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the mon people were forbidden to light lamps. （增译连词） 　　（6）这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。This is yet another mon point between the people of our two countries.（增译介词）　　（7）在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.（增译暗含词语）&&&&&& （8）三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits bined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.（增译注释性词语）2.省译法：这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如：（1）You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。（省译物主代词）（2） I hope you will enjoy your stay here.希望您在这儿过得愉快。（省译物主代词）
发现相似题
与“英汉互译。1. the photo of your family 2. love...very mu..”考查相似的试题有：
10643722833215900424802412019153696Lightning Image, Vermilion Cliffs National Monument | National Geographic Photo of the Day
Advertisement
Main Content
Photograph by , National Geographic Your Shot
Spiking from inky storm clouds, a white-hot thunderbolt spears the plateau during a summer storm in Vermilion Cliffs National Monument. The monument comprises 300,000 unspoiled acres that cross both Arizona and Utah and contain steep cliffs, deep canyons, and sandstone formations.
Rankin’s shot was recently featured in the .
This photo was submitted to Your Shot, our storytelling community where members can take part in photo assignments, get expert feedback, be published, and more.
Post comment
Related Features
Browse Photo of the Day Images
Special Offers
Subscribe to National Geographic magazine and save. Print and digital editions available for as little as $12.
Nat Geo Photo Workshops
PROMOTIONS
Shop National Geographic
More Photography From National Geographic⒈英汉互译⑴a photo of my family________________ ⑵对……很亲切______________⒉按要求写出下列词的正确形式⑴guess_______(第三人称单数) ⑵carefully____________(形容词)
1(1)一张我的全家福照片（2）be sincere/warm/kind to somebody2(1)guesses (2)careful因为有亲切可以翻译成很多个单词啊,都对,主要看你是什么英语水平根据水平选择合适的~
那六年级应该用啥呢
be kind to 就好啦
为您推荐：
其他类似问题
be kind toguesses
1 我家人的相片/
我的全家福 2
be kind to ...1 guesses2 careful 如果不明白，请再问；如果对你有所帮助，请点击本页面中的“选为满意回答”按钮，谢谢！
1. （1）一张我的全家福
（2）be cordial to sth2. （2）guesses
（2）carefulbe kind to有“对……仁慈，对……慈爱，善待”的意思，sincere有“真诚的”的意思，warm是“热情的”，cordial是“友好的，可亲的，热诚的”的意思。be kind to是比较口语化的表达，be sincere to和be warm to是比...
1. 一张我家庭的照片
show hospitality to, very amiable to2. guesses
扫描下载二维码Edicts of Ashoka
About the Photo
An Ashokan pillar across from a stupa at Kolhua, near Vaishali, in Bihar
Explore the Topic
, the third emperor of the , erected and inscribed numerous sandstone
with edicts&moral principles based on the ideal of dharma (dhamma) that he had conceived&throughout his kingdom during the 3rd century BCE.
In the 19th century, scholars were able to translate the , which were also inscribed on rocks and cave walls.
Approximately 35 distinct inscriptions have been found, with the most important appearing in the Fourteen Rock Edicts and Seven Pillar Edicts series.
In the thirteenth of his fourteen major edicts, Ashoka memorializes the , a kingdom on the eastern coast of India. The battle and conquest of the kingdom represent a turning point in Ashoka's rule. Deeply remorseful over the excessive loss of life resulting from the battle, he converted to
and renounced war for non-violence.
Ashoka also embraced religious tolerance, an idea that was to reappear in the reign of , and in the writings of .
To spread the influence of dharma, Ashoka erected
and sent emissaries (including his son, a Buddhist monk, who traveled to Sri Lanka) abroad to countries including Greece, Syria and North Africa.
Emperor Ashoka
Ashoka (Asoka), the third emperor of the , reigned from c. 269-233 BCE, and his exemplary story remains popular in folk plays and legends across southern Asia.
The emperor ruled a vast territory that stretched from the Bay of Bengal to Kandahar and from the North-West Frontier of Pakistan to below the Krishna River in southern India.
The year 261 BCE marks a turning point in Ashoka's reign when, in part to increase access to the , he conquered the east coast kingdom of .
By Ashoka's account, more than 250,000 people were killed, made captive or later died of starvation.
Feeling remorseful about this massive suffering and loss, the emperor converted to
and made dharma, or dhamma, the central foundation of his personal and political life.
Throughout his kingdom, the emperor inscribed laws and injunctions inspired by dharma on rocks and pillars, some of them crowned with elaborate sculptures.
Many of these
begin "Thus speaks Devanampiya Piyadassi [Beloved of the Gods]" and counsel good behavior including decency, piety, honoring parents and teachers and protection of the environment and natural world.
Guided by this principle, Ashoka abolished practices that caused unnecessary suffering to men and animals and advanced religious toleration.
To further the influence of dharma, he sent his son, a Buddhist monk, to Sri Lanka, and emissaries to countries including Greece and Syria.
To some historians, the edicts unified an extended empire, one that was organized into five parts governed by Ashoka and four governors. After his reign, Ashoka has become an enduring symbol of enlightened rule, non-violence, and religious tolerance.
In 1950, the Lion Capital of Ashoka, a sandstone sculpture erected in 250 BCE, was adopted as India's official emblem by then Prime Minister .
Mauryan Empire
to view this video.
Silhouette of top of Ashokan Pillar
In 320 BCE, the Nanda dynasty was overthrown by an officer in its army,
(c. 320-298 BCE), and thus began the Mauryan Empire.
By around 300 BCE, Chandragupta's empire included India south of the Hindu Kush and most of northern India as far south as the Narmada River.
Writings of a Greek ambassador, , provide insights into the wealth and splendor of the Mauryan capital at Pataliputra (Patna), India's caste system, and the king, who Megasthenes wrote was constantly vigilant, fearing attempts on his life.
A book about statecraft, Arthasastra, written in part by Chandragupta's head minister (additions were added in later centuries), discusses practical advice for rulers about how to run a kingdom and provides a window into Mauryan bureaucracy.
Legends about Chandragupta are many and claim his family was related to the , that he met , and that he resigned his kingship to become a Jain monk.
(c. 269-233 BCE) is largely considered the greatest Mauryan emperor and ruled over a territory stretching from the northern Himalayas into peninsular India and across the widest part of the subcontinent.
Known for his principles of non-violence and religious tolerance, Ashoka modeled himself as a cakravartin, the Buddhist term for a "universal ruler," whose rule was based on the principle of dharma or conquest not by war but righteousness.
To advance this principle, Ashoka had
based on the dharma carved on rocks, pillars, and caves throughout his kingdom and sent emissaries abroad to disseminate his views.
After Ashoka's death, the empire declined and lost territory under a series of weak rulers about whom little is known.
In 185 BCE, Pushyamitra Shunga, a general, assassinated the last king of the Mauryan dynasty, Brihadratha.
Ashokan Pillar
Ashokan pillar at Kolhua
This Ashokan Pillar is one of several free-standing, highly polished sandstone pillars from the reign of the Mauryan Emperor
found across northern India.
The tall, heavy column isn't supported by a base or platform and is crowned by a capital with a single lion.
The authoritative, open-mouthed lion is seated on a square dais that juts from the capital's base, which is decorated with an inverted lotus blossom.
Similar to other pillars that have been discovered in the region, it is made of a single piece of light colored sandstone and transported from a quarry in Chunar, near
(Benares).
The pillar, erected by Ashoka in Kolhua near a brick
(a domed memorial for the ) and the ruins of a Buddhist monastery, commemorates the last sermon of the Buddha before he achieved enlightenment.
Its lion capital faces north, the direction the Buddha took on his last voyage.
Only ten pillars with intact inscriptions have been found, although many more were erected during the emperor's reign.
The inscriptions describe edicts of ethical conduct, public and private, based on non-violence and the tenets of , that were created and promulgated by Ashoka.
Battle of Kalinga
Archaeological artifacts from the Battle of Kalinga
The Battle of Kalinga, an east coast kingdom in modern Orissa, marked a turning point in the rule of the Mauryan emperor,
(c. 269&233 BCE).
In about 261 BCE, Ashoka fought a bloody war for the kingdom, a conquest he records in the thirteenth and most important of his Fourteen Rock Edicts.
In the edict, he numbered the conflict's casualties and prisoners at more than 200,000 and expressed remorse for this massive loss of life and freedom.
He renounced war for conquest through righteousness, dharma:
"They should only consider conquest by dharma to be a true conquest, and delight in dharma should be their whole delight, for this is of value in both this world and the next."
Dharma became the organizing principle of Ashoka's personal and public life and shaped his policies of non-violence and religious tolerance.
to view this video.
Video: The essential teachings of Buddhism
Buddhism is a religion or philosophy founded in the 5th century BCE by Siddhartha Gautama, the , born a prince of the Shakya clan in northern India.
Much controversy surrounds the Buddha's birth and death, or parinirvana (the reaching of nirvana); the traditional date of his death is 486 BCE but some believe he was born sometime in the mid-fifth century BCE and died at Kushinagar between 400 and 350 BCE.
The Buddha, the Buddhist community, and dharma (or religious law), are considered the Three Jewels of Buddhism.
The first of Four Noble Truths that Buddhism teaches is that all life is suffering (dhukka).
Siddhartha arrived at this truth by observing disease, illness, suffering, and death in the forms of an old man, a blind man, a dying man, and a corpse.
On a quest to find a way to break free from this suffering, Siddhartha left his wife and child to become an ascetic, traveling across the Magadha kingdom in northeast India and studying under a number of teachers.
How to liberate the self from a constant cycle of birth and rebirth, or samsara, was his principle question.
After six years of wandering, he found his answer and attained enlightenment while meditating under a tree in Boghgaya.
The Buddha's insights are crystallized in the remaining noble truth&that suffering is caused by desire (trishna); that suffe that by following the Eightfold Path (imagined as a cyclic Wheel of Dharma), individuals can become free of attachment and reach nirvana.
The Eightfold Path includes living with right understanding, thought, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.
He also advocated living according to the "Middle Way," a path between severe asceticism and heady indulgence.
The Buddha lived the remaining 45 years of his life after enlightenment as a wandering ascetic, delivering discourses and gaining followers, among them Magadha's king Bimbisara, who became a patron and provided generous donations including a monastery at his capital, Rajagaha (found in what is now the Indian state of Bihar).
Buddhists currently number around 400 million worldwide, and the philosophy's two major traditions are Theraveda&practiced primarily in Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos&and Mahayana&practiced chiefly in China, Tibet, Japan, and Korea.
Wesak, the celebration that marks the Buddha's birth in May, is the most important Buddhist festival.
Emperor Akbar
to view this video.
Video: Akbar embraces all of India's religions
Jalaludin Muhammad Akbar (Akbar the Great) became the third emperor of the
while just a teenager and ruled from . Spending half of his reign at war, he consolidated Mughal power and expanded the empire to Gujarat, Bengal and Kabul&not since
reign nearly 2,000 years earlier was so much of India united under one ruler. Extensive land surveys and assessments enabled Akbar's territorial expansion and attempted to protect peasants from unfair taxes. Other administrative reforms included a system of military ranking that required nobles to raise troops for the military and increased loyalty to the emperor by making nobles directly responsible to him for their rank.
Akbar's reign saw lucrative
with Europe, especially in cotton textiles, and word of his achievements and reputation spread to that continent. In 1585, Elizabeth I sent an ambassador to India bearing a personal letter to Akbar, who was on a military expedition and did not meet with the English emissary.
Akbar and his chief advisor, Abu'l Faz'l (who wrote Akbar&nama, a year&by&year account of Akbar's reign) linked kingship with divinity, redefining the ruler as a military, strategic, and spiritual leader. Recognizing that hatred among the various religious groups threatened to undermine the empire, Akbar, himself a , promoted racial tolerance and religious freedom under the policy of "universal tolerance" or "sulahkul." He appointed
to high positions in his cabinet, married Hindu women and abolished taxes levied against both Hindus and non&Muslims. A student of comparative religion, he welcomed visitors of all faiths&including , Jesuits, Hindus and Zoroastrians&to his court. Discussions with these visitors led him to develop his own religious teachings,
or "divine faith," that sought to transcend sectarian religion. Music, art and literature flourished in Akbar's cosmopolitan court. Although he never learned to read and may have been dyslexic, he collected an imperial library of over 24,000 volumes and commissioned translations of many works, including the
and . Akbar's fort at Agra that included five hundred buildings and his city of
illustrate the architectural style developed under his rule.
Dara Shikoh
Dara Shikoh ( CE) was the eldest son of the Mughal emperor
and his favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal, both of whom are entombed in the . When Shah Jahan suddenly fell ill in 1657, Dara was the presumptive heir to the , but his brothers, Murad, , and Shuja, did not recognize his suzerainty and began a battle for succession that lasted two years. The ultimate victor was Aurangzeb, who first defeated Dara&s forces in Samugarh (near Agra), in 1658, when he was allied with Murad, and then killed Murad before dealing Dara&s army the final blow at a battle in Deorai (near Ajmer) in 1659. Dara had eluded capture after both confrontations, but was ultimately betrayed and turned over to Aurangzeb. Dara was set atop an old elephant and paraded through the streets of Delhi in rags and chains before being murdered in prison.
Like his great-grandfather , Dara was a patron of the arts whose intellectual and spiritual curiosity led him to seek out the teachings of faiths other than his own. He was a disciple of the Sufi Qadiriyyah order, but also held discussions with Hindus and Christians. Dara wrote several works on Sufism and translated the Bhagavad Gita and some of the
and the Upanishads from the original
into Persian. His most important treatise was Majma ul-Bahrain (The Mingling of the Two Oceans), in which he argued that the essential nature of Hinduism and Islam are the same. This idea, heretical to most Muslims, then and now, led to his being officially branded an apostate by the Mughal court.
Edicts of Ashoka
to view this video.
Video: The Edicts of Ashoka survive as early testaments of Buddhism
Related Web Sites:
The Edicts of King Ashoka (full text)
Stupa built by Emperor Ashoka, Sanchi
A stupa is a freestanding, dome-shaped mound, often containing sacred relics.
Stupas were initially built to store the cremated remains of the .
Over time, they were also constructed to house the remains or cult objects of holy personages or to commemorate locations sacred to .
Early stupas consisted of a hemispheric mound of burnt bricks set on a circular or square base, accessed by a set of short steps.
Atop the mound was a shaft or pillar (yasti), surrounded by a square railing, and covered by a chattra (circular or umbrella-shaped canopy).
At ground level, the stupa was ringed by a pathway used for circumambulation and typically enclosed by a railing (vedika).
The railing included gateways at the four cardinal points.
The stupa's design evolved over the centuries to incorporate elaborate and decorative elements, such as multiple chattras, independent sculptures, and carved panels that depicted events from the life of the Buddha.
Among the most ancient and prominent Buddhist stupas in India are the Great Stupa at Sanchi and the Bharhut stupa, in Bharhut, Madhya P the Dhamek Stupa in , Uttar P and the Amaravati stupa, in Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh.
The current structures at all these sites are enlarged, embellished or rebuilt versions of the stupas originally erected by the Mauryan emperor
during the 3rd century BCE.
In 2005, archaeologists unearthed the remains of ten stupas he built to mark the Buddha's visit to Kalinga, in Orissa.
also had a tradition of building stupas, but the structure remains the iconic monument of Buddhism, which retained its significance and was propagated as the faith spread from India across Asia.
Discussion Questions
What purpose did the Ashokan pillars play during Ashoka's rule? Why do you think they would have been effective?
How did the possible meeting between Alexander the Great and a young Chandragupta influence the development of the Mauryan Empire?
In light of India's many religious traditions, why do you think Buddhism suffered a sharp decline in India after Ashoka?
What teachings of the Buddha are most relevant in today's world?
Started by Indian entrepreneur L.G. Pathak, Patak's distributes Indian food products in the USA and around the world. Find out more about how to enjoy the tastes of India by visiting us online at