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四川师范大学外国语学院教授，文学硕士。翻译理论与翻译实践硕士生导师、英语教育硕士研究生导师。长期从事翻译教学及翻译实践。研究方向为翻译理论与实践。
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由于英汉两种语言在积句成篇的规则和习惯上的差异，时往往要对原语句子进行刈分。刈分的基本原则是以命题所构成的主谓结构为单位。其基本过程是：将原文刈分成一个个命题，并将命题重新组成主谓结构小句来成译语，并按译语积句成篇的规则加以整合。刈分之后，尤其要注意刈分出来的各个小句之间的逻辑关系，在表达时，用译语的约束机制进行积句成篇。
英语刈分时可以按下列标记进行：限定动词，从句标志词，非谓语动词，独立主格，介词短语，形容词和副词(主要是小品副词和adj+ly副词)。
汉语刈分时可以按动词、形容词、介词来刈分。
(1)(a)She was small
(b)pale, (c)sandy-haired, and (d)with eyes habitually cast down: (e)when they looked up (f)they were very large, (g)odd, and (h)attractive, (i)so attractive, (j)that the Reverend Mr. Crisp, (k)fresh from Ox ford, and (l)curate (m)to the Vicar of Chiswick, (n)the Reverend Mr. Flowerdew, (o)fell in love with Miss Sharp. (W.M. Tay:Vanity Fair)
(a)她身量瘦小，(b)脸色苍白，(c)头发是淡黄色的。(d)她惯常低眉垂目，(e)抬起眼来看人的时候，(g)眼睛显得很特别，(f)不但大，(h)而且动人。(n)契息克的弗拉沃丢牧师(m)手下有一个副牧师，(l)名叫克里斯波，(k)刚从牛津大学毕业，(j)竟(i)因此(o)爱上了她。(《名利场》杨必译)
译析：原文为一句，可刈分出15个命题。译文也也保留了15个命题，因此，保持了原文的内容的完整性，译文刈分成三个句子，主要信息命题句(a-e和o)保持原文顺序。试比较：修改后的译文。
(a)她身量瘦小，(b)脸色苍白，(c)头发是淡黄色的。(d)她惯常低眉垂目，(e)抬起眼来看人的时候，(f)眼睛显得很大，(g)很特别，(h)很动人，(i)动人得(j)就连克里斯波牧师也(o)爱上了她。克里斯波(l)是(n)契息克的弗拉沃丢牧师(m)手下的一个副牧师，(k)刚从牛津大学毕业。
(2)(a)A fearful man, (b)all in coarse grey, (c)with a great iron on his leg. (d)A man with no hat, and (e)with (f)broken shoes, and (g)with an old rag tied round his head. (h)A man who had been soaked in water, and (i)smothered(j) in mud, and (k)lamed by stones, and (l)cut by flints, and (m)stung by nettles, and (n) (o)who limped, and (p)shivered, and (q)glared and (r) and (s)whose teeth chattered in his head (t)as he seized me by the chin.(Charles Dickens: Expectations)
(a)好一个可怕的人！(b)穿一身灰色粗布衣服，(c)腿上拴一副大铁镣。(d)头上也不戴一顶帽子，(g)只裹着一块破布，(f)一双鞋子破烂不堪。(h)他刚在水里泡过，(j)满头满脸都是烂泥，(i)闷得他透不过气来；(k)两条腿给乱石堆子绊得一瘸一拐，(l)给碎石片儿划出一条条创痕，(m)给荨麻戳得疼痛难挨，(n)给荆棘扯得皮开肉裂；(o)走起来高一脚低一脚，(p)一边走一边抖，(q)又瞪眼又(r)咆哮。他赶过来，(t)一手抓住我的下巴，(s)一口牙齿捉对儿厮打。（王科一译）
译析：此段有三个非主谓句，特点是：定语+名词(+定语)。这种句式起环境烘托的作用，汉译时一般采用刈分法和移位法，将英语 &定语+中心词&结构译为汉语描写句句式：主语+描写性谓语。
一、刈分原则
刈分法的总原则是刈分后各个小句能保持原语顺序尽量保持。如果因保持原语顺序而导致不符合译语语法习惯或意思不明时，则必须加以移位。
二、刈分技巧
(一)英译汉
1.单词刈分
1)名词刈分成句子
(1)A movie of me leaving that foxhole would look like a shell leaving a rifle.
我离开那个单人掩体速度之快，要是拍成电影的话，会象出膛的子弹一样。
(2) Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul.
岁月悠悠，肌肤易衰老；热忱消却，灵魂更易颓唐。
2)形容词或定语刈分为句
形容词或定语刈分为句的原则：
英语：adj+NP
汉语： NP(， (这)(NP)是＋)adj+(的)。
(1)I returned home, and suffer suffered all through an unconscious and unrefreshing dinner.
我回到家里，折腾了整个下午；折腾了整个晚餐，晚餐无滋无味，了无感觉。
(2) There were the same mountains and the same lovely valley at their feet.
山还是那些山，山脚下，G还是那条G，依然那么秀美。
&In the garden the sparrow chants&a desultory second courtship, a subdued passion, in keeping with the great heat, love in summertime, relaxed and languorous.
花园里，麻雀啾啾&&仿佛是再度寻爱，懒心无肠；仿佛是盛夏才有的情愫，热而不烈；仿佛是夏日之爱，让人轻松，也让人倦慵。
译析：原句中desultory和subdued作定语，汉译时移位于谓语，从而刈分成小句来。同时采用易格而译的技巧通过增益&放佛&将原文破折号后的暗喻译为明喻。3)小品副词或派生副词adj+ly刈分为句：
英语小品副词和修饰整个句子的副词，汉译时可以按下列规则刈分成句子。
小品副词刈分格式：
英语：NP+小品副词
汉语：NP+谓语
Adj+ly副词刈分格式：
英语：(1)adj+ly+S +&V&(=It is (was) adj that S+V)
汉语：1) S＋V (，(这/那)是＋)adj+(的)。
2)无主句,＋S＋V。
3)形容词+&的&是＋S＋V
描写性派生副词刈分格式：
英语：S+V...adj+ly
汉语：主语+谓语, 名词+adj
(1)My head kept humming, &A blue trip slip for an eight-cent fare, a buff trip slip for a six-cent fare,& and so on and so on, without peace or respite.
脑海里不断地轰鸣着&蓝色票，八分钱；黄色票，六分钱，& 如此反复，从不间断，没有片刻的安宁，没有片刻的稍息。
(2)No judgment can be rightly formed either of my method or of the discoveries to which it leads, by means of anticipations (that is to say, of the reasoning which is now in use); since I cannot be called on to abide by the sentence of a tribunal which is itself on trial.
用臆测(即现行的推理)来对我的方法或者由此得出的发现加以评判，那是不恰当的；因为一个自身正在接受审判的法庭，是不能强迫我去服从它所做出的判决。
(3)Amelia took the news very palely and ly.(William, Makepeace Tay:Vanity Fair)
爱米利亚得信的时候，颜色苍白，样子倒很镇静。(《名利场》杨必译)
下列句子，注意斜体字词的刈分。
(1)That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.
(2)The first is (the ambition)of those who desire to
their own power in their
country, a vulgar and degenerate kind (of ambition).
(3)They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.
(4) Constitutionally, Putin was to offer up a progress report at this yearly address.
(5)We cannot politely turn down their invitation.
(6)Japan tries vainly to blame us for the breakdown of the China-Japan relations.
2.非谓语短语刈分法
1)分词短语刈分成句子
分词刈分理据与原则：英语中任何分词都可以找到其逻辑主语，这样，逻辑主语和分词便构成一个主谓结构。这个主谓位结构成汉语自然就构成了句子。
分词短语刈分原则：
英语：(逻辑主语)& ＋分词短语(V＋ing, V+ed)
汉语：(逻辑主语)& ＋动词短语。
(1) I was a mile from Thornfield, in a lane noted for wild roses in summer,for nuts and blackberries in autumn,and even now possessing a coral s in hips and haws.
我此时离桑菲尔德还有一英里的路程，正走在一条小径上，这条小径夏天以野蔷薇闻名，秋天以坚果和黑莓著称，即使是现在，小径上也还长有一些珊瑚珍宝般的野蔷薇果和山楂。
(2)The days of his youth appeared like dreams before him, and he recalled the serious moment when his father placed him at the entrance of the two roads&&one leading to a peaceful, sunny place, covered with flowers, fruits and resounding with soft, the other leading to a deep, dark cave, which was endless, where poison flowed instead of water and where devils and poisonous snakes hissed and crawled.
青春年华如梦一般浮现眼前，老人想起了人生的关键时刻，他的父亲将他放在人生岔路口：一条通往祥和明媚的地方，那里花香果甜，歌声婉转；一条通向黑暗幽深的洞穴，那里深不可测，到处毒液横流，不见清水，四处恶魔肆虐，毒蛇嘶嘶爬行。
For everyone (besides the errors common to human nature in general) has a cave or den of his own, which refracts and discolors the light of nature, owing either to his own proper or to his education and conv or to the reading of books, and the authority of those whom he or to the differences of impressions, accordingly as they take place in a mind preoccupied and predisposed or in a mind ind or the like.(Francis Bacon)
因为每一个人(人性共有的错误除外)都有自己的洞穴，从而扭曲改变自然的本色，这要么归咎于他固有的特性，要么归咎于他所受的教育程度以及与他人的社会交往；或者是归咎于他所阅读的书籍以及他所尊敬钦佩的权威；或者是归咎于因人而异的印象：有的人心有成见、胸中有数；有的人冷漠麻木、冥顽不化等等。(分词和形容词刈分为句)
译析：句中which为关系词，译为&这&指代中心词，四个(owning) to 介词短语易为动词与&refracts and discolors the light of nature&搭配，从而刈分出四个小句&要么......要么......;或者......或者......&。句中分词和形容词preoccupied, predisposed，indifferent和settled与mind分别刈分成四个小句。
下列句子，注意斜体字词的刈分。
(1) In sciences founded on opinions and dogmas, the use of anticipatio for in them the object is to command assent to the proposition, not to master the thing.
(2)What seems to come nearest to one is that of the waterspouts, often seen in the voyage over the Atlantic Ocean toward either of the Indies.
(3)Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking the shadows.
2)同位语名词短语刈分成句子
同位语刈分的理据与原则：英语中本位语和同位语可以是名词(短语)也可以是句子；但时要把同位语刈分成句子，同位语必须是一个带有定语的名词短语或句子，这样同位语才能刈分成句子。图示如下：
同位语短语刈分成句：
英语： NP1(S) (&，&、&DD&、&：&、&namely, that is, vz.&) +attr+NP2+(attr).&
汉语： NP1(S), (这/所谓)(NP1(S))是＋attr+NP2+(的)。
(3)The last time I tried to purify myself by fire, I managed to acquire a zoo in the process and am still supporting it and carrying heavy pails of water to the animals, a task that is sometimes beyond my strength.
&上一次想法用火烧来净化自己时，我总算弄到了一个动物园，至今都还维持着那个动物园，挑着沉重的水桶给动物喂水，这活儿有时还真让我吃不消。
The U.S. Chamber of Commerce is pressing Congress to lift cold war trade restrictions on Russia, a country Romney has labeled America&s &No. 1 geopolitical foe.&
美国商会正在向国会施压要求解除对俄罗斯的冷战式贸易限制，而罗姆尼却给俄罗斯贴上了&第一地缘政治敌人&的标签。
译析：a country Romney has labeled America&s &No. 1 geopolitical foe.&是其Russsia的同位语，时刈分为小句，同时增益连接词&而&。
3)介词短语刈分成句子
介词短语的理据与原则：英语介词分为两种：虚义介词和实义介词。虚义介词本身无意义(in, on, at)，只有和名词(短语)才能构成实义，因此，时，虚义介词本身无法刈分成句，只能刈分其中的名词(短语)；实义介词往往含有动词含义，只要找到实义介词的逻辑主语就可以刈分成句子。
介词短语刈分成句：
英语：(逻辑主语)& ＋介词＋NP
汉语：(逻辑主语)& ＋动词＋NP。
(3) Tired from my run and the Texas heat, I got a cup of water and sat under a tree with the dog.
因为跑步再加上德克萨斯的炎热的天气，我感到很累，我要了杯水，挨着狗狗坐在树下。
(4) Forty-two years ago, on my maiden voyage in the family car with my mother in the passenger seat, I accidentally hit a dog. On Easter Sunday.
四十二年前，我开着家轿和坐在副驾位的母亲开始了我的处女行，途中我意外地撞倒了一条狗。那天正好是复活节。
4)独立主格刈分为句：
所谓独立主格，是指英语中带有自己主语的非限制性从句，从意思上看，仍然是相对完整。故汉译时可以刈分成句子。
独立主格结构刈分成句：
英语：Np+adj/小品副词/pp/participle/动词不定式/同位语
汉语：Np+谓语
(5)When Miss Emily Grierson died, our whole town went to her funeral: the men through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument, the women mostly out of curiosity to see the inside of her house.
艾米莉&格里尔逊小姐走了，我们全镇的人都去为她送葬：男人们出于一种崇敬之情，因为一座丰碑倒塌了；女人们大多出于好奇之心，想进屋子看看究竟。
(a)The mornings are the pleasantest times in the apartment, (b)exhaustion having set in, (c)the sated mosquitoes at rest on ceiling and walls, (d)sleeping it off, (e)the room a swirl of tortured bedclothes and abandoned garments, (f)the vines in their full leafiness filtering the hard light of day, (g)the air conditioner silent at last, (h)like the mosquitoes. ( 2012，《第三界&英语世界&杯比赛英译汉原文》)
清晨呆在公寓里很是惬意；倦慵袭身；饱餐的蚊子停在屋顶和墙上休憩打盹，房间里全是卷裹皱褶的床单、废弃的外衣；藤蔓青青繁茂，遮挡着白日的强光，空调就像蚊子一样，终于安静了下来。
译析：英语中的独立主格结构，具有静态描写，补充信息的作用。本句可刈分为8个小句，其中(a)为主句，(b) (-(g)为独立主格结构，表示静态描写，时成汉语的描写小句。
5)从句标志处刈分为
(6)Yet surely (a)it is not fair (b)that the credit of true history should be lessened (c)because it has sometimes been injured and wronged by fables. (Francis Bacon：The New Organon)
当然，(c)真正的历史有时因受到寓言的中伤，从而(b)导致声誉受损，(a)这的确很不公平。
(7) (a)Nay, (b)it is obvious (c)that when a man runs the wrong way, (d) the more active and swift he is, (e)the further he will go astray. (Francis Bacon：The New Organon)
(a)非但如此，(c)人一旦走上歧途，(d)步伐越加快捷，(e)就迷失得就越加遥远。(b)这是显而易见的事。
(1) (a)It was hard (b)for me to accept (c)that it had mostly been about sex for him, (d)that and some damsel-in- fantasy (e)I seemed to have dispelled, (f)because I think (g)it&s
(h)that he did care for me at some point.
此句可以刈分为6个小句。其中(a)与(f)构成因果关系，因此，时将(a)句后移尽量靠近(f)句，这样(f)表示的原因就清晰起来。(c)和(d)属于 (a)句accept并列的宾语从句，时，在每一个宾语从句前增益谓语动词&很难接受&；(e)属于定语从句，(g)属于(f)think的宾语从句，(h)是主语从句。试比较下列译文：
译文一：如果说自己顶多就是他的一个性伴侣，(如果)说我的幻想&&那种只有多愁善感的少女才有的幻想&&仿佛已悄然而失，我很难接受，因为我觉得他在某些方面可能还是很关心我的。
译文二：回想起和他一起的日子，我能想到的都是一些和性有关的记忆，这让我难以接受。一些女性特有的被保护感从我身上逐渐消失，因为在某种程度上他还是在意我的。
(2) (a)Days would pass and (b)I&d grit my teeth (c)to avoid picking up the phone, (d)lik (e)it felt (f)as if toxins were slowly leaving my body.
此句可刈分为6个小句。其中(e)中的it指代整个(e)小句，(f)小句中were...leaving my body表示对将来的假设，带有目的的含义。是比较下列两个译文
译文一：日子一天天地过去，我咬牙强忍着不去接电话，就像吸毒者戒毒一般，仿佛要让毒瘾慢慢地离开我的身体。
译文二：日子总会过去，我咬紧牙关，不去接电话，像吸毒者一样；那感觉就像毒液从我身体里慢慢散去一样。
&下列句子，注意斜体字词的刈分
(1) The station chief would have to be close to the director，a member of the inner circle.
is forbidden to &kill& the vessel, a relatively easy task.
(3) He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.
(4)Energy can neither be created nor ed, a universally accepted law.
(5) Their power increased with their number.
(二)汉译英
汉语句子刈分，一般按照&主谓结构&、&定中结构&和句子变换来进行刈分。
1.流水句各个小句刈分为独立句。
流水句中各个小句如果内容较多，而且呈现并列叙述时，可以刈分为独立句。
(1)(B611M)先进的战术地地导弹武器系统，用于精确打击装甲集群、部队集结地、防控设施、机场、指挥中心等各类地面军事目标，用于火力压制和火力支援。
B611M is an advanced tactical ground-to-ground missile weapon system. It can precisely attack various types of ground
targets such as armored groups, troop concentration area, air defense facilities, airfields and command centers. It is mainly used for fire suppression and fire support.
2.连动句刈分为两个独立句子。
(2)(a)张家窨子阁楼上的书房里，(b)顺庆油号老板张恒泰，正在(c)关着门(d)训斥自己的独生子张复礼。 (李怀荪，2011《湘西秘史》)
(a)In the Zhangs& Yinzi house, (b)Zhang Hengtai, the boss of Shunqing Oil Company, (c)shut himself up in the study of the . (d)He was tongue-lashing his only son Zhang Fuli.
In the Zhangs& Yinzi house, Zhang Hengtai, the boss of Shunqing Oil Company, was tongue-lashing his only son Zhang Fuli in the study of the
with the door closed.
(3)(a)在此情况下,(b)我们重申关于支持增长和维护金融稳定的强烈承诺,(c)并强调发达经济体需要采取适当措施以重建信心,(d)促进增长并确保经济强劲复苏。
(a)In such circumstances, (b)we reaffirm our strong
to support growth and foster financial . (c)We also underscore the need for appropriate action to be taken by advanced economies in order to rebuild confidence,(d) foster growth and secure a strong recovery.
3.定语刈分为句或同位语
(4) (a)身材魁梧的张复礼(b)栽着脑壳，(c)耷着眼皮，(d)一声不吭地(e)站在父亲跟前，(f)任凭数落。(李怀荪，2011《湘西秘史》)
Zhang Fuli, (a)a burly-set young man, (e)were now standing (d)silently before his father, (b) with his head bowed and (c) his eyelids drooped, (f) letting himself at the mercy of his father&s scolding.
4.小句主语变换处刈分为句
(5)&你倒好，偏在这时候出了事，满浦阳镇传得个百丑，叫你老子怎么去跟刘家人交待？！&
&But now you, you did such a foolish deed, and made it
in all parts of the Puyang Town. How do I give your father-in-law a proper explanation?!&
5.动静转换处刈分为句。
我的母亲很高兴，但也藏着许多凄凉的神情，教我坐下，歇息，喝茶，且不谈搬家的事。(鲁迅，《故乡》)
Though Mother was delighted,she was also trying to hide a certain feeling of sadness.She told me to sit down and rest and have some tea. (杨宪益，戴乃迭译)
我来说两句
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＞＞＞翻译下面句子。1.越多越好._____________________________2.他..
翻译下面句子。1.越多越好._____________________________2.他越忙越高兴._____________________________3.你读的越多,收获就会越大._____________________________
题型：翻译题难度：中档来源：同步题
1.The more,the better.&&&&&2. The busier he is,the happier he feels.3.The more you read, the more you will learn.
马上分享给同学
据魔方格专家权威分析，试题“翻译下面句子。1.越多越好._____________________________2.他..”主要考查你对&&翻译能力&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下：
现在没空？点击收藏，以后再看。
因为篇幅有限，只列出部分考点，详细请访问。
翻译的概念：
翻译是把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来的一种创造性的语言活动。翻译能力的提高是一个长期实践和不断积累的过程。要做好这类题，就要掌握所学句型及短语，还要灵活运用。翻译题解题技巧：
第一步：找出基本的句型结构句型结构就像建筑楼房所需要的框架，只有框架搭建好了，才能继续添加短语词汇使句子完整，因此，选对句型至关重要。例1：请尽早做出决定，不然你会坐失良机。(or)&&&&&&&&&&Please make your decision as early as possible, or you'll miss the good chance. 【分析】本题给出了并列连词or，考查学生所掌握的并列句型结构为“祈使句+or you will…” 例2：这小孩太调皮，使得他那忙于工作的父母常常心烦意乱。(So) &&&&&&&&& So naughtyis the child that he often upsets his parents who are busy with their work. 【分析】本题所给的词汇为So，大写字母说明该词应放在句首，那么学生应选择倒装句式翻译此句，结构为“So+形容词+be/V+主词+that+句子”。例3：我觉得很难解出这道数学题。(…it…) &&&&&&&&& I find it difficult to work out this math problem. 【分析】本题考查的是it作形式宾语的用法，学生在处理这道题时首先应想到“6123”结构，“6”代表6个在本句式中的常用动词feel、make、consider、find、believe、think；“1”代表形式宾语“it”；“2”代表形容词或副词；“3”代表动词不定式、动名词或从句，作真正的宾语。针对本句应选择“find+it+形容词+todo”这一句式。第二步：根据所提示单词，选择适合的短语或词汇这一步需要学生对短语和词汇的熟练掌握，笔者在平时的教学中十分关注学生对这部分基础知识的记忆训练，经过长时间的积累，学生能够达到看到词汇就能对组成的短语脱口而出的程度，对学生翻译能力的提高大有帮助。例1：那位出租车司机别无选择，只能求助于游客。(choice)&&&&&&&&& At that time the taxi driver had no choice but to turn to the tourist (for help). 【分析】本题给出的单词为choice，学生会想到have no choice，同时还要强调but后面要加动词不定式to do。这时可给出另外一个短语“do nothing but do”让学生进行比较，找到其中的不同。例2：你该就刚才的所作所为向在场的人道歉。(apologize)&&&&&&&&& You should apologize to the people present for what you have just done. 【分析】本题重点考查apologize to sb.for sth.的短语搭配，记忆不扎实的学生会在两个介词的使用上出现乱用的情况，应作强调。第三步：判断句子的时态和语态这个步骤对于普通高中的学生来说是失分最严重的地方，学生翻译句子时经常会忘记考虑句子所需的时态，第三人称和主动被动的问题，因此，鼓励学生养成下笔前先考虑时态语态的好习惯，在这个部分就能挽回很多不必要的失分。 1、动词的时态：1）根据汉语句子中的时间副词判断句子的时态，如：正在、经常、曾经、将、着、了、过、到…为止等。例1：为了保持健康，我们经常参加体育锻炼。(To)&&&&&&&&& To keep fit, we often take part in physical exercise. 【分析】句中出现“经常”，应选择一般现在时。例2：她找到了一份做护士的工作。(as)&&&&&&&&& She has found a job as a nurse. 【分析】句中出现“了”，表示动作已经完成，应选择现在完成时。 2）根据句意或句子所给出的连词判断时态。例1：我们将作进一步的讨论，然后再做出最终结论。(before)&&&&&&&&& We will have a further discussion before we draw a final conclusion. 【分析】before引导的时间状语从句，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时。例2：你最好乘出租车去电影节的开幕式，不然就要迟到了。(or) &&&&&&&&& You'd better go to the opening ceremony of the Film Festival by taxi, or you'll be late. 【分析】本题给出连词or，应选择将来时。 3）注意用一般现在时表示经常、反复出现的动作或客观事实。例1：各色阳伞给夏日待头平添了活泼的气氛。(add to)&&&&&&&&& Colorful umbrellas add to alively at mosphere in the summer streets. 2、动词的语态 1）根据汉语句子中的一些有被动含义的词汇判断，如：被、挨、遭、受到、获得、加以、得以、为…所等。例1：我没有想到汤姆会被选为学生会主席。(occur) &&&&&&&&& It never occurred to me that Tom would be elected chairman of the Student's Union. 【分析】本句中“被选为”是典型的被动语态句式，应为“be elected chairman”，还要强调chairman为职位，前面不加冠词。例2：导演得知自己的影片获奖，感到无比自豪。(award) &&&&&&&&& Learning that he was awarded an award for his film, the director felt very proud of himself. 【分析】本句中“获奖”为被动语态，award sb. for sth.变成被动语态sb. be awarded for sth.2）当句子的主语是“人们、有人、有些人、大家、据说、据报道”等。例1：据报道这种野生植物含有丰富的维生素。(It...) &&&&&&&&& It is reported that wild plants contain rich Vitamins. 【分析】本句中it作形式主语，事情是被报道的。类似的用法还有It is said that…, It is believed that…, It is considered that…等。 3）当句中的主语为事情，地点或没有主语的情况。例：应该鼓励年轻人按照自己的特长选择职业。(encourage) Young people should been couraged to choose their careers according to their own strong points. 【分析】本句中缺少主语“人们”，因此把宾语“年轻人”放在句首，用被动语态完成句子。第四步：避免中英文语言习惯的差异学生受汉语言文化的影响，经常会用汉语思维的习惯去思考英语句子，或直接逐字逐句对照汉语单词翻译英文单词，忽略了英语的语言习惯，变成了我们经常所说的“Chinglish”(即Chinese English，中国式英语)。例1：她很粗心大意，经常丢东西。【误】She is so thick heart and big mind that she often loses things. 【正】She is so careless that she often loses things. 【例2】如果方便的话，请帮我从邮局取回包裹。(convenient) 【误】If you are convenient, please fetch me the parcel from the post office. 【正】If(it is)convenient, please fetch me the parcel from the post office. 第五步：仔细检查写出的句子，发现错误及时改正，有些错误是在翻译时不经意犯下的，我们有能力自己检查并改正过来，因此在写好翻译句子后，要学会检查。&翻译题常见的错误分析：
1、动词时态：动词时态的错误在翻译题中是常见错误之一，也是翻译的主要失分点之一。学生在完成所有翻译题后，必须对每题的时态进行系统的检查，以避免此类错误的发生。动词时态方面的错误主要集中在第三人称单数以及句子前后时态对应关系等方面。【例1】小组讨论有助于更好地理解课文。(help)【误】Group discussion help to understand the text better.【正】Group discussion helps to understand the text better.【错误分析】本题主要犯了动词时态第三人称方面的错误。句子主语Groupdiscussion是单数形式，谓语动词就必须用第三人称单数。【例2】我们将作进一步的讨论，然后再作出最终结论。(before)【误】We have a further discussion before we will draw a final conclusion.【正】We will have a further discussion before we draw a final conclusion.【错误分析】本题的测试目标之一就是考查状语从句中主从句时态的“主将从现”原则，主句用将来时，从句需用一般现在时代替将来时。【例3】物理课上，他没听懂王教授所讲的内容。(fail)【误】In the physics class, he failed to understand what Professor Wang is talking about.【正】In the physics class, he failed to understand what Professor Wang was talking about.【错误分析】宾语从句中的时态要和主句相对应，本题就犯了主从句时态不一致的错误。2、搭配翻译题中经常出现的搭配错误主要集中在介词与其他词的搭配以及动宾搭配方面。学生在记忆一些带有介词的短语时，应特别注意所搭配的介词，不能乱用。1）介词搭配：【例1】这款手机式样新颖，携带方便，深受年轻人欢迎。(popular)【误】The mobile phone is fashionable in style and convenient to carry, so it is very popular by the young.【正】The mobile phone is fashionable in style and convenient to carry, so it is very popular with the young.【错误分析】学生在翻译时将“受欢迎”理解成被动含义，自然就出现了“by the young”，而忽略了短语“be popular with”中的介词搭配。【例2】你该就刚才的所作所为向在场的人道歉。(apologize)【误】You should apologize for the people present to what you have just done.【正】You should apologize to the people present for what you have just done.【错误分析】apologize的句型结构应为：apologize to sb. for sth.，前后介词搭配不能错位。2）动宾搭配：【例1】你一旦养成了坏习惯，改掉它是很难的。(once)【误】Once you get a bad habit, it is very difficult to get rid of it.【正】Once you get into/form a bad habit, it is very difficult to get rid of it.【错误分析】“养成习惯”从动宾搭配角度来说应为get into/form a habit，而不能用get与habit搭配。3、关系一致：在翻译题中，关系一致的错误主要表现为主谓一致、代词一致、名次的数前后一致以及主语和逻辑主语一致方面的错误。【例1】一本书是否畅销取决于诸多因素。(whether)【误】Whether a book sells well depend on many/various factors.【正】Whether a book sells well depends on many/various factors.【错误分析】根据主谓一致的语法规则，当主语是一个从句、一个动名词或不定式短语时，谓语用单数形式。4、连接词翻译题中连接词方面的错误主要表现为连接词的添加或缺损。【例1】多参加些体育锻炼，你就不那么容易感冒了。(If…)【误】If you take/have more physical exercise, and you will not catch a cold easily.【正】If you take/have more physical exercise, you will not catch a cold easily.【错误分析】本题误句中犯了连接词添加的错误。在做翻译题时，学生要特别注意并列连词and，so，but等不能和引导复合句的连词合用5、句式平衡当句中的连词确定之后，还要考虑连词的位置是否放正确了。句子结构的平衡不仅是正确使用语法的体现，更是句子规范的体现。【例】遇到困难的时候，我们需要的不是彼此埋怨，而是相互帮助。(not…but)【误】When we meet with difficulties, what we need is not to blame each other but help each other.【正】When we meet with difficulties, what we need is not to blame each other but to help each other.【错误分析】上题误句中犯了句式平衡的错误。Not…but…的前后句型结构必须保持一致，上题中not后跟的是动词不定式结构，故but后的不定式的标志“to”不能省略。
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