UCI机器学习数据库使用说明（转）
UCI机器学习数据库的网址:&&&&&
http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/
数据库不断更新至2010年，是所有学习人工智能都需要用到的数据库，是看文章、写论文、测试算法的必备工具。数据库种类涉及生活、工程、科学各个领域，记录数也是从少到多，最多达几十万条。
UCI数据可以使用matlab的dlmread或textread读取，不过，需要先将不是数字的类别用数字，比如1/2/3等替换，否则读入不了数值，当字符了。
UCI数据库使用说明
转自：/bbs/thread-37-1-1.html
此目录包含数据集和相关领域知识（后面以简短的列表形式进行的注释），这些数据已经或能用于评价学习 算法 。
每个数据文件 （*.data）包含以“属性-值”对形式描述的很多个体样本的记录。对应的*.info文件包含的大量的文档资料
。（有些文件_generate_
databases；他们不包含*.data文件。）作为数据集和领域知识的补充，在utilities目录里包含了一些在使用这一数据集时的有用资料。
，这里的UCI数据集可以看作是通过web的远程拷贝。作为选择
，这些数据同样可以通过ftp获得，ftp:// .
可是使用匿名登陆ftp。可以在pub/machine-learning-databases目录中找到。
UCI一直都在寻找可加入的新数据，这些数据将被写入incoming子目录中。希望您能贡献您的数据，并提供相应的文档。谢谢——贡献过程可以参考DOC-REQUIREMENTS文件。目前，多数数据使用下面的格式
：一个实例一行，没有空格，属性值之间使用逗号“,”隔开，并且缺少的值使用问号“?”表示。并请在做出您的贡献后提醒一下站点管理员：
下面以UCI中IRIS为例介绍一下数据集：
ucidata\iris中有三个文件：
iris.names
index为文件夹目录，列出了本文件夹里的所有文件，如iris中index的内容如下：
Index of iris
4551 iris.data
2604 iris.names
iris.data为iris数据文件，内容如下：
5.1,3.5,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.9,3.0,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.7,3.2,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
7.0,3.2,4.7,1.4,Iris-versicolor
6.4,3.2,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.9,3.1,4.9,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.3,3.3,6.0,2.5,Iris-virginica
5.8,2.7,5.1,1.9,Iris-virginica
7.1,3.0,5.9,2.1,Iris-virginica
如上，属性直接以逗号隔开，中间没有空格（5.1,3.5,1.4,0.2,），最后一列为本行属性对应的值，即决策属性Iris-setosa
iris.names介绍了irir数据的一些相关信息，如数据标题、数据来源、以前使用情况、最近信息、实例数目、实例的属性等，如下所示部分：
7. Attribute Information:
&& 1. sepal length in cm
&& 2. sepal width in cm
&& 3. petal length in cm
&& 4. petal width in cm
&& 5. class:
-- Iris Setosa
-- Iris Versicolour
-- Iris Virginica
9. Class Distribution: 33.3% for each of 3 classes.
本数据的使用实例请参考其他论文，或本站后面的内容。
对应的英文有：
This is the UCI Repository Of Machine Learning Databases and
Domain Theories
============================================================================
& This is the UCI Repository Of Machine Learning
Databases and Domain Theories
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
4 December 1995
&&&&&&&ftp.ics.uci.edu:
pub/machine-learning-databases
Librarian: Patrick M. Murphy (
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
111 databases and domain theories (36MB)
============================================================================
This directory contains data sets and domain theories (the latter
annotated as such in the following brief listing) that have been or
used to evaluate learning algorithms. Each data file (*.data)
individual records described in terms of attribute-value
pairs.& The
corresponding *.info file contains voluminous
documentation.& (Some files
_generate_ they do not have *.data files.)
In addition to data sets and domain theories, the "utilities/"
contains utilities that you may find useful when using datasets in
repository.
The contents of this repository can be viewed and remotely copied
the web.& The address is &&
Alternatively, the contents of this repository can be remotely
copied via
ftp to ftp.ics.uci.edu.& Enter "anonymous" for
user id, and e-mail address
([email=user@host]user@host[/email]) for
password.& These databases can be found by
"cd pub/machine-learning-databases".
1. We're always looking for addition al databases, which can
&&& written to
the sub-directory named "/incoming". Please send yours, with
documentation.& Thanks -- See DOC-REQUIREMENTS for
suggested documentation
&&& procedures.
Presently, most databases have the following format: 1
&&& instance per
line, no spaces, commas separate attribute values, and
&&& missing
values are denoted by "?".& Also, please notify
the site librarian
after making a donation.
2. Ivan Bratko requested that the databases he donated from the
&&& Oncology
Institute (e.g., breast-cancer, lymphography, and
primary-tumor)
restricted access. We are allowed to share them with academic
&&& institutions
upon request. These databases (like several others) require
&&& providing
proper citations be made in published articles that use them.
&&& Citation
requirements are in each database's corresponding *.doc file.
&&& To access
any of these databases, send email to
&&& To aid you
in deciding if you want any of these databases, the
documentation files are available.
3. An archive server may now be used to recieve via e-mail files in
repository.& Installed on ics, it provides email
access to files in
anonymous ftp/uucp area (~ftp).& If people have no
other access to
archives, then they can send mail to:
&&& Commands to
the server may be given in the body.& Some
commands are:
send &archive&
find &archive&
&&& The help
command replies with a useful help message.
If you publish material based on databases obtained from this
repository,
then, in your acknowledgements, please note the assistance you
received by
using this repository.& Thanks -- this will help
others to obtain the same
data sets and replicate your experiments.& We
suggest the following pseudo-APA
reference format for referring to this repository (LaTeX'd):
& Murphy,~P.~M., \& Aha,~D.~W.
(1994). {\it UCI Repository of machine
& learning databases} [
& Irvine, CA: University of California, Department
of Information and Computer
& Science.
Patrick M. Murphy (Repository Librarian)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Brief Overview of Databases and Domain Theories:
Quick Listing:
1. annealing (David Sterling and Wray Buntine)
2. Artificial Characters Database & DT (donated by
Attilio Giordana)
3-4. audiology (Ray Bareiss and Bruce Porter, used in Protos)
&&& 1. Original
Standardized-Attribute Version of the Original.
5. auto-mpg (from CMU StatLib library)
6. autos (Jeff Schlimmer)
7. badges (Haym Hirsh)
8. balance-scale (Tim Hume)
9. balloons (Michael Pazzani)
10. breast-cancer (Ljubljana Institute of Ontcology, restricted
11. breast-cancer-wisconsin (Wisconsin Breast Cancer D'base, Olvi
Mangasarian)
&& 1. Original version
&& 2. Diagnostic data set
&& 3. Prognostic data set
12. bridges (Yoram Reich)
13-21. chess
&& 1. Partial generator of
Quinlan's chess-end-game data (kr-vs-kn) (Schlimmer)
&& 2. Shapiros' endgame database
(kr-vs-kp) (Rob Holte)
&& 3. king-rook-vs-king (Michael
Bain, Arthur van Hoff)
&& 4-9. Six domain theories (Nick
22. Bach Chorales (time-series) database (Darrell Conklin)
23. Connect-4 Database (John Tromp)
24-25. Credit Screening Database
&& 1. Japanese Credit Screening
Data and domain theory (Chiharu Sano)
&& 2. Credit Card Application
Approval Database (Ross Quinlan)
26. Ein-Dor and Feldmesser's cpu-performance database (David
27. Diabetes Data (Serdar Uckun, AI-M94)
28. dgp-2 data generation program (Powell Benedict)
29. Document Understanding (Donato Malerba)
30. Nine small EBL domain theories and examples in sub-directory
31. Evlin Kinney's echocardiogram database (Steven Salzberg)
32. flags (Richard Forsyth)
33. function-finding (Cullen Schafer's 352 case studies)
34. glass (Vina Spiehler)
35. hayes-roth (from Hayes-Roth^2's paper)
36-39. heart-disease (Robert Detrano)
40. hepatitis (G. Gong)
41. horse colic database (Mary McLeish & Matt
42. (Boston) Housing database (from CMU StatLib library)
43. ICU data (Serdar Uckun, AIM-94)
44. Image segmentation database (Carla Brodley)
45. ionosphere information (Vince Sigillito)
46. iris (R.A. Fisher, 1936)
47. isolet (Ron Cole and Mark Fanty's database donated by Tom
Dietterich)
48. kinship (J. Ross Quinlan)
49. labor-negotiations (Stan Matwin)
50-51. led-display-creator (from the CART book)
52. lenses (Cendrowska's database donated by Benoit Julien)
53. letter-recognition database (created and donated by David
54. liver-disorders (BUPA Medical's database donated by Richard
55. logic-theorist (Paul O'Rorke)
56. lung cancer (Stefan Aeberhard)
57. lymphography (Ljubjana Institute of Oncology, restricted
58-59. mechanical-analysis (Francesco Bergadano)
& 1. Original Mechanical Analysis Data Set
& 2. PUMPS DATA SET
60 mobile robots (donated by Klingspor, Morik and Rieger)
61-64. molecular-biology
1. promoter sequences (Towell, Shavlik, &
Noordewier, domain theory also)
2. splice-junction sequences (Towell, Noordewier, &
domain theory also)
3. protein secondary structure database (Qian and Sejnowski)
4. protein secondary structure domain theory (Jude Shavlik
& Rich Maclin)
65. MONK's Problems (donated by Sebastian Thrun)
66. Moral Reasoner Database (donated by James Wogulis)
67. mushroom (Jeff Schlimmer)
68. MUSK databases (2) (donated by Tom Dietterich)
69. othello domain theory (Tom Fawcett)
70. Page Blocks Classification (Donato Malerba)
71. Pima Indians diabetes diagnoses (Vince Sigillito)
72. Postoperative Patient data (Jerzy W. Grzymala-Busse)
73. Primary Tumor (Ljubjana Institute of Oncology, restricted
74. Qualitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSARs) (Ross
75. Quadraped Animals (John H. Gennari)
76. Servo data (Ross Quinlan)
77. shuttle-landing-control (Bojan Cestnik)
78. solar flare (Gary Bradshaw)
79-80. soybean (from Ryszard Michalski's groups)
81. space shuttle databases (David Draper)
82. spectrometer (Infra-Red Astronomy Satellite Project Database,
John Stutz)
83. Sponge Database (Iosune Uriz and Marta Domingo)
84. Statlog Project databases (7) (from Ross King,...)
85& Student Loan relational database (from Michael
86. tic-tac-toe endgame database (Turing Institute, David W.
87-97. thyroid-disease (Garavan Institute, J. Ross Q Stefan
Aeberhard)
98. trains database (David Aha & Eric
99-104. Undocumented databases: sub-directory undocumented
&& 1. Economic sanctions database
(domain theory included, Mike Pazzani)
&& 2. Cloud cover images
(Philippe Collard)
&& 3. DNA secondary structure
(Qian and Sejnowski, donated by Vince Sigillito)
&& 4. Nettalk data (Sejnowski and
Rosenberg, taken from connectionist-bench)
&& 5. Sonar data (Gorman and
Sejnowski, taken from connectionist-bench)
&& 6. Vowel data (Qian, Sejnowski
and Turney, taken from connectionist-bench)
105. university (Michael Lebowitz, donated by Steve Souders)
106. voting-records (Jeff Schlimmer)
107. water treatement plant data (donated by Javier Bejar and
Ulises Cortes)
108-109. Waveform domain (taken from CART book)
110. Wine Recognition Database (donated by Stefan Aeberhard)
111. Zoological database (Richard Forsyth)
已投稿到：
以上网友发言只代表其个人观点，不代表新浪网的观点或立场。数据库高手们，你们好，我想问一下，从其他电脑上拷贝来的数据如何在自己电脑上的SQL server 2008中还原，_百度知道
数据库高手们，你们好，我想问一下，从其他电脑上拷贝来的数据如何在自己电脑上的SQL server 2008中还原，
提问者采纳
右击该新建数据库——所有任务——还原数据库——选择备份文件路径——确定？这两个是由区别的如果是数据库文件在sqlserver企业管理器里面选择数据库.即可，右击——所有任务——附加数据库——选择数据库mdf文件——确定.；如果是数据库备份文件，则新建一个数据库（命名最好同备份数据库名称相同）.没有用过sqlserver2008 不过sql2008的操作步骤应该和sql2005差不多吧另外你拷贝的数据是数据库备份还是数据库文件
提问者评价
来自团队：
其他类似问题
为您推荐：
其他1条回答
新建个同名的数据库，然后选择还原
等待您来回答
下载知道APP
随时随地咨询
出门在外也不愁数据挖掘（7）
UCI机器学习数据库的网址:&&&&& http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/
数据库不断更新至2010年，是所有学习人工智能都需要用到的数据库，是看文章、写论文、测试算法的必备工具。数据库种类涉及生活、工程、科学各个领域，记录数也是从少到多，最多达几十万条。
UCI数据可以使用matlab的dlmread或textread读取，不过，需要先将不是数字的类别用数字，比如1/2/3等替换，否则读入不了数值，当字符了。
UCI数据库使用说明
转自：/bbs/thread-37-1-1.html
此目录包含数据集和相关领域知识（后面以简短的列表形式进行的注释），这些数据已经或能用于评价&。
每个数据&（*.data）包含以“属性-值”对形式描述的很多个体样本的记录。对应的*.info文件包含的大量的文档&。（有些文件_generate_ databases；他们不包含*.data文件。）作为数据集和领域知识的补充，在utilities目录里包含了一些在使用这一数据集时的有用资料。
地址&，这里的UCI数据集可以看作是通过web的远程拷贝。作为选择
，这些数据同样可以通过ftp获得，ftp://. 可是使用匿名登陆ftp。可以在pub/machine-learning-databases目录中找到。
UCI一直都在寻找可加入的新数据，这些数据将被写入incoming子目录中。希望您能贡献您的数据，并提供相应的文档。谢谢——贡献过程可以参考DOC-REQUIREMENTS文件。目前，多数数据使用下面的&：一个实例一行，没有空格，属性值之间使用逗号“,”隔开，并且缺少的值使用问号“?”表示。并请在做出您的贡献后提醒一下站点管理员：
下面以UCI中IRIS为例介绍一下数据集：
ucidata/iris中有三个文件：
iris.names
index为文件夹目录，列出了本文件夹里的所有文件，如iris中index的内容如下：
Index of iris
18 Mar 1996& && &105 Index
08 Mar 1993& &&&4551 iris.data
30 May 1989& &&&2604 iris.names
iris.data为iris数据文件，内容如下：
5.1,3.5,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.9,3.0,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.7,3.2,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
7.0,3.2,4.7,1.4,Iris-versicolor
6.4,3.2,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.9,3.1,4.9,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.3,3.3,6.0,2.5,Iris-virginica
5.8,2.7,5.1,1.9,Iris-virginica
7.1,3.0,5.9,2.1,Iris-virginica
如上，属性直接以逗号隔开，中间没有空格（5.1,3.5,1.4,0.2,），最后一列为本行属性对应的值，即决策属性Iris-setosa
iris.names介绍了irir数据的一些相关信息，如数据标题、数据来源、以前使用情况、最近信息、实例数目、实例的属性等，如下所示部分：
7. Attribute Information:
& &1. sepal length in cm
& &2. sepal width in cm
& &3. petal length in cm
& &4. petal width in cm
& &5. class:&
& && &-- Iris Setosa
& && &-- Iris Versicolour
& && &-- Iris Virginica
9. Class Distribution: 33.3% for each of 3 classes.
本数据的使用实例请参考其他论文，或本站后面的内容。
对应的英文有：
This is the UCI Repository Of Machine Learning Databases and Domain Theories
============================================================================
&&This is the UCI Repository Of Machine Learning Databases and Domain Theories
& && && && && && && && && &&&4 December 1995
& && && && &&&ftp.ics.uci.edu: pub/machine-learning-databases
& && && & Librarian: Patrick M. Murphy (&)
& && && && && && &111 databases and domain theories (36MB)
&&============================================================================
This directory contains data sets and domain theories (the latter have been
annotated as such in the following brief listing) that have been or can be
used to evaluate learning algorithms. Each data file (*.data) contains
individual records described in terms of attribute-value pairs.&&The
corresponding *.info file contains voluminous documentation.&&(Some files
_generate_ they do not have *.data files.)
In addition to data sets and domain theories, the &utilities/& directory
contains utilities that you may find useful when using datasets in this
repository.
The contents of this repository can be viewed and remotely copied over
the web.&&The address is&&&&
Alternatively, the contents of this repository can be remotely copied via&
ftp to ftp.ics.uci.edu.&&Enter &anonymous& for user id, and e-mail address&
([email=user@host]user@host[/email]) for password.&&These databases can be found by executing&
&cd pub/machine-learning-databases&.
1. We're always looking for addition al databases, which can be
& & written to the sub-directory named &/incoming&. Please send yours, with&
& & documentation.&&Thanks -- See DOC-REQUIREMENTS for suggested documentation&
& & procedures. Presently, most databases have the following format: 1&
& & instance per line, no spaces, commas separate attribute values, and&
& & missing values are denoted by &?&.&&Also, please notify the site librarian&
& & (&) after making a donation.
2. Ivan Bratko requested that the databases he donated from the Ljubljana
& & Oncology Institute (e.g., breast-cancer, lymphography, and primary-tumor)
& & have restricted access. We are allowed to share them with academic
& & institutions upon request. These databases (like several others) require
& & providing proper citations be made in published articles that use them.
& & Citation requirements are in each database's corresponding *.doc file.
& & To access any of these databases, send email to&&.
& & To aid you in deciding if you want any of these databases, the&
& & documentation files are available.
3. An archive server may now be used to recieve via e-mail files in this
& & repository.&&Installed on ics, it provides email access to files in
& & our anonymous ftp/uucp area (~ftp).&&If people have no other access to
& & our archives, then they can send mail to:
& & Commands to the server may be given in the body.&&Some commands are:
send &archive& &file&
find &archive& &string&
& & The help command replies with a useful help message.
If you publish material based on databases obtained from this repository,
then, in your acknowledgements, please note the assistance you received by
using this repository.&&Thanks -- this will help others to obtain the same
data sets and replicate your experiments.&&We suggest the following pseudo-APA
reference format for referring to this repository (LaTeX'd):
&&Murphy,~P.~M., /& Aha,~D.~W. (1994). {/it UCI Repository of machine
&&learning databases} [&].&
&&Irvine, CA: University of California, Department of Information and Computer&
&&Science.
Patrick M. Murphy (Repository Librarian)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Brief Overview of Databases and Domain Theories:
Quick Listing:
1. annealing (David Sterling and Wray Buntine)
2. Artificial Characters Database & DT (donated by Attilio Giordana)
3-4. audiology (Ray Bareiss and Bruce Porter, used in Protos)
& & 1. Original Version
& & 2. Standardized-Attribute Version of the Original.
5. auto-mpg (from CMU StatLib library)
6. autos (Jeff Schlimmer)
7. badges (Haym Hirsh)
8. balance-scale (Tim Hume)
9. balloons (Michael Pazzani)
10. breast-cancer (Ljubljana Institute of Ontcology, restricted access)
11. breast-cancer-wisconsin (Wisconsin Breast Cancer D'base, Olvi Mangasarian)
& &1. Original version
& &2. Diagnostic data set
& &3. Prognostic data set
12. bridges (Yoram Reich)
13-21. chess
& &1. Partial generator of Quinlan's chess-end-game data (kr-vs-kn) (Schlimmer)
& &2. Shapiros' endgame database (kr-vs-kp) (Rob Holte)
& &3. king-rook-vs-king (Michael Bain, Arthur van Hoff)
& &4-9. Six domain theories (Nick Flann)
22. Bach Chorales (time-series) database (Darrell Conklin)
23. Connect-4 Database (John Tromp)
24-25. Credit Screening Database
& &1. Japanese Credit Screening Data and domain theory (Chiharu Sano)
& &2. Credit Card Application Approval Database (Ross Quinlan)
26. Ein-Dor and Feldmesser's cpu-performance database (David Aha)
27. Diabetes Data (Serdar Uckun, AI-M94)
28. dgp-2 data generation program (Powell Benedict)
29. Document Understanding (Donato Malerba)
30. Nine small EBL domain theories and examples in sub-directory ebl
31. Evlin Kinney's echocardiogram database (Steven Salzberg)
32. flags (Richard Forsyth)
33. function-finding (Cullen Schafer's 352 case studies)
34. glass (Vina Spiehler)
35. hayes-roth (from Hayes-Roth^2's paper)
36-39. heart-disease (Robert Detrano)
40. hepatitis (G. Gong)
41. horse colic database (Mary McLeish & Matt Cecile)
42. (Boston) Housing database (from CMU StatLib library)
43. ICU data (Serdar Uckun, AIM-94)
44. Image segmentation database (Carla Brodley)
45. ionosphere information (Vince Sigillito)&
46. iris (R.A. Fisher, 1936)
47. isolet (Ron Cole and Mark Fanty's database donated by Tom Dietterich)
48. kinship (J. Ross Quinlan)
49. labor-negotiations (Stan Matwin)
50-51. led-display-creator (from the CART book)
52. lenses (Cendrowska's database donated by Benoit Julien)
53. letter-recognition database (created and donated by David Slate)
54. liver-disorders (BUPA Medical's database donated by Richard Forsyth)
55. logic-theorist (Paul O'Rorke)
56. lung cancer (Stefan Aeberhard)
57. lymphography (Ljubjana Institute of Oncology, restricted access)
58-59. mechanical-analysis (Francesco Bergadano)
&&1. Original Mechanical Analysis Data Set
&&2. PUMPS DATA SET
60 mobile robots (donated by Klingspor, Morik and Rieger)
61-64. molecular-biology&
& &&&1. promoter sequences (Towell, Shavlik, & Noordewier, domain theory also)
& &&&2. splice-junction sequences (Towell, Noordewier, & Shavlik,&
& && &&&domain theory also)
& &&&3. protein secondary structure database (Qian and Sejnowski)
& &&&4. protein secondary structure domain theory (Jude Shavlik & Rich Maclin)
65. MONK's Problems (donated by Sebastian Thrun)
66. Moral Reasoner Database (donated by James Wogulis)
67. mushroom (Jeff Schlimmer)
68. MUSK databases (2) (donated by Tom Dietterich)
69. othello domain theory (Tom Fawcett)
70. Page Blocks Classification (Donato Malerba)
71. Pima Indians diabetes diagnoses (Vince Sigillito)&
72. Postoperative Patient data (Jerzy W. Grzymala-Busse)
73. Primary Tumor (Ljubjana Institute of Oncology, restricted access)
74. Qualitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSARs) (Ross King)
75. Quadraped Animals (John H. Gennari)
76. Servo data (Ross Quinlan)
77. shuttle-landing-control (Bojan Cestnik)
78. solar flare (Gary Bradshaw)
79-80. soybean (from Ryszard Michalski's groups)
81. space shuttle databases (David Draper)
82. spectrometer (Infra-Red Astronomy Satellite Project Database, John Stutz)
83. Sponge Database (Iosune Uriz and Marta Domingo)
84. Statlog Project databases (7) (from Ross King,...)
85&&Student Loan relational database (from Michael Pazzani)
86. tic-tac-toe endgame database (Turing Institute, David W. Aha)
87-97. thyroid-disease (Garavan Institute, J. Ross Q Stefan Aeberhard)
98. trains database (David Aha & Eric Bloedorn)
99-104. Undocumented databases: sub-directory undocumented
& &1. Economic sanctions database (domain theory included, Mike Pazzani)
& &2. Cloud cover images (Philippe Collard)
& &3. DNA secondary structure (Qian and Sejnowski, donated by Vince Sigillito)&
& &4. Nettalk data (Sejnowski and Rosenberg, taken from connectionist-bench)
& &5. Sonar data (Gorman and Sejnowski, taken from connectionist-bench)
& &6. Vowel data (Qian, Sejnowski and Turney, taken from connectionist-bench)
105. university (Michael Lebowitz, donated by Steve Souders)
106. voting-records (Jeff Schlimmer)
107. water treatement plant data (donated by Javier Bejar and Ulises Cortes)
108-109. Waveform domain (taken from CART book)
110. Wine Recognition Database (donated by Stefan Aeberhard)
111. Zoological database (Richard Forsyth)
参考知识库
* 以上用户言论只代表其个人观点，不代表CSDN网站的观点或立场
访问：9599次
排名：千里之外
转载：23篇
(2)(5)(5)(3)(2)(8)(1)(5)