How To Hop a Freight Train & modes.io&
How To Hop a Freight Train
by Wes Modes
Originally published in Might magazine, October 1994
What to Worry About
Safety is a big deal on the railroad. It is real easy to get good and hurt. You are made of soft, breakable stuff, while railroad equipment is made of very hard, very heavy stuff. A rolling boxcar won’t even flinch as it quietly rolls right over you in a sneaky surprise attack.
Furthermore, accidents make everyone look bad. You, me, the railroad gal who told you what train to get on, all the people who saw you and were too cool to call the bull on you. This is why, every time you talk to a rail, he or she will tell you to stay safe.
Don’t walk on the tracks. Don’t cross under couplers or cars. And watch for cars rolling quietly through the yard. Be careful out there.
Some yards have a railroad cop. The railroad cop is referred to as the Bull. The only way to get caught by the bull is being stupid. The bull typically sits in some office somewhere until someone calls him with a problem, which is seldom. [Not at all true anymore. -ed] Occasionally, the bull will make a foray out of the office to cruise around in the bull-mobile, a white pick-up or bronco, typically. The bull may traverse all the roads through the yard before they retire back to their den. To avoid the bull, stay out of sight of the roads within the yard. Walk between strings of cars. Watch for the bull-mobile. Watch for flashlights. Stay out of danger. Steer clear of the office.
What to Bring
Keep everything dark, dark clothes, dark pack, dark sleeping bag or blanket. This will make it harder to get caught by the railroad cops as you blunder around the train yards.
You’ll be walking a lot and throwing your pack on and off of trains, so pack small and light — under 25 pounds. If you have something in your pack that can break, it will. Leave your valuables at home.
And think about warmth. Dress in layers. You may end up on an open car in the middle of the night with a 60 mile an hour wind blowing in your face. Your clothes and your sleeping bag should keep you warm and comfortable and dry. If you’re cold and wet, freight-hopping will be a miserable experience.
Bring some sturdy gloves and boots to keep you safe as you scramble around on freight cars. And if you prefer not to sunburn your ears and nose off, bring a hat.
Its nice to know where you are. An atlas can come in handy, both for finding where to catch-out and for finding out where you’ve been left. You may be able to round up a railroad map. Call up the railroad business office and pretend you are doing a study on rail transportation. Ask for a map of American freight lines.
Bring something to drink. Exposure to the wind sucks the liquids right out of you. Bring something that’s not going to spill when you throw your pack on and off of cars.
Don’t forget to bring your patience. Freight-hopping involves as much walking and waiting as actual riding. You spend most of your time waiting for information, waiting for a train, waiting for your train to get under way, waiting, waiting, waiting. For this you’ll need flexibility and patience.
A quick checklist:
dark clothes
dark pack under 25 lbs
sturdy gloves
sturdy boots
railroad atlas or map
a headlamp or flashlight
warm, waterproof jacket
light, warm bedding
water or other liquid
non-perishable food
newspaper (for kindling, shitting, or reading)
patience and endurance
Where to Catch-out
Find your local freight yard. There’ll be a train leaving or coming through there eventually. Look for train yards in the forgotten part of town, the part of town with all the rough neighborhoods. The yard is usually near big industry, maybe near a river or port. You can often find giveaway street names like Railroad Ave. The passenger train station is probably not too far away.
There are freight yards in almost every city in America. However, there are fewer marshaling yards where they make up and break down trains. These big yards are going to be the easiest places to gather information and catch-out. Here you can ask the yard crew which trains are leaving where when.
Some yards are crew change-points. A single crew can work a maximum of twelve hours, so yards at which trains receive fresh crews are strategically placed along the mainlines. These are good yards to catch out from.
How to get Information
Railroad workers are your friends and will help you out whenever possible. Crews can usually only tell you where their train is going and when power’s called for. Yard workers often know the whole story. They make up all the trains that are leaving their yard. They know which trains are going where and often when the power is called for. They will sometimes call in to the tower to find out what track your train is on and when it leaves.
What to Ride
In order of preference, you want to ride in open boxcars, on the rear platform of a grainer or hopper, between the wheels of piggybacked trailers, in the well behind cargo containers (if there is a solid floor), on the second or third deck of empty auto carriers (if you can get in), or in empty gondolas. And when you get really bold, you can ride on the back engine of several coupled units at night.
Don’t ride tank cars that carry all sorts of nasty shit, loaded flatcars and gondolas whose shifting load may crush you, or cars marked Bad Order that are broken but have not yet been removed from service.
Your safety should be your most important consideration, so don’t take short cuts to save time. Ever.
Adventure: I've hopped freight trains for transportation and adventure since 1992 all over the West Coast and Midwest, attending annual hobo gatherings in various places. ...read more...
"So," you ask finally, "should I do it? Should I try to hop a freight?" No, of course not. It's dangerous. Everyone has a friend of a friend whose uncle got his leg cut off by a train. And as you know from Emperor of the North, the bulls and...
We're on a northbound Southern Pacific freight. I am on top of the world, all-powerful, omnipotent, sly and slippery as a snake. I've done it. The words, "Did it did it did it," keep bouncing around in my head. ...read more...
It's raining. It shouldn't be raining. It isn't supposed to be raining. I'm trying to catch a train and I don't want to sit out in the wet. ...read more...
Know how to keep yourself safe. Assertiveness training, self-defense training, or martial arts really help.
Consider low-scale weapons such as bear mace or pepper spray. Firearms or edged weapons have the dual disadvantage in that they can be taken away and used against you, and increase your risk of serious trouble with authorities.
Most female friends tended to dress down their femininity. “Dress like a boy and you don’t get hassled,” one said.
I’d love to hear from other female-identified trainhoppers and potential riders here. (I will prioritizing publishing comments from female-indentified folks here, and may hold comments from male riders to make space for women’s voices.)试看已结束，文档全文共41页，需要完整内容请下载查看。该会员上传的其它文档：19 p.20 p.14 p.19 p.12 p.20 p.17 p.18 p.13 p.16 p.17 p.20 p.19 p.20 p.17 p.15 p.20 p.19 p.16 p.21 p.16 p.16 p.【2014 山东东营】七、阅读表达 (共5小题，计10分) 阅读短文，根..【2014 山东东营】七、阅读表达 (共5小题，计10分) 阅读短文，根据要求完成下面各小题。Things are going great in Cannes(戛纳), France. I have an exciting experience here. I have only been here at the film festival for two days, but have a相关文档docdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdocdoc关于我们常见问题关注我们官方公共微信自考包过保过资料_自考英语一押题压题题库_自考笔记小抄串讲_自考非考前答案_中国考试笔记网
<font color="#FF 英语（一）
张敬源、张 虹主编，外语教学与研究出版社（2012年版）
依据目录中国考试笔记主营：本科专科自考笔记,自考资料,自考小抄,自考串讲,自考讲义,自考课件,模拟试卷等项目
Unit 1 Foreign Language Learning
TextA Learning a Foreign Language
TextB Five Good Reasons to Learn a Foreign Language
Unit 2 A Path to Follow
TextA Cracked or Perfect:We Can Make a Difference!
TextB A Priceless Lesson in Humility
Unit 3 Green Transportation
TextA Bus Chick's Manifesto
TextB Bike to Work:Reasons You Should Try
Unit 4 Friends and Friendship
TextA The Greatest Gift
TextB The Colors of Friendship
Unit 5 Music and Leisure
TextA Music as a Universal Language
TextB Why We Need Vacations
Unit 6 Life Lessons
TextA Keep Your Dream
TextB Go for it!
Unit 7 Attitude Is Altitude
TextA AMotivator
TextB Attitude Is Everything
Unit 8 The Mystery of Life
TextA Embracing the Mystery
TextB Research Is a State of Mind
Unit 9 Making Every Minute Count
TextA The Most Exciting Thing Ever
TextB Keeper of the Spring
Unit 10 Media-Blessing or Curse
TextA Advertising to Children
TextB The Illusion of Perfection
Unit 11 Effective Communication
TextA Active Listening
TextB Effective Communication
Unit 12 Technology:A Double-Edged Sword
TextA Privacy in our High-Tech Society
TextB Worse Living Through Better Technology
纵览新版教材和考试的新题型
从2013年10月起，自考公共课的英语（一）就要使用我手中的这本新教材了！为了保证学员们的学习效果请大家一定要买教材！本教材是高等教育自学考试各专业（除英语专业外）的专科阶段公共基础课。共7学分。
本次出版的新版教材的最大特点就是：通过短文的学习了解世界文化，拓宽知识。
英语（一）是水平考试，主要按照设定的标准考查学生的语言能力，会有部分命题来自于教材，所以在学习过程中，要对重点词汇的各种形式变化和含义加以熟记，文章重点句子要理解透彻，课后练习是紧扣考卷上的各个题型加以设置的，所以要认真完成练习，达到：有的放矢！
考试的新题型介绍（通过下表）
是否从教材中出题
判断所给信息正误以及是否在文中提及
大家经常见的阅读理解
概括大意和补全句子
宏观把握段落信息和定位查找关键信息
对文章连贯性、一致性的辨识能力以及把握文章结构
对文章及语篇中词汇的理解能力
综合理解和运用语言的能力
书面表达能力
Unit 1 Foreign Language Learning
A FAMOUS QUOTE
A man who does not know a foreign language is ignorant of his own.
　――Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
一个不懂得外语的人，也不会真正了解自己的母语。
　――约翰?沃尔夫冈?冯?歌德
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
（）, German poet,
novelist, playwright, statesman and scientist. Goethe is one of the
great figures in the history of German literature and best known for his
two-part poetic drama Faust, which he started around the age of
twenty-three and didn't finish till shortly before his death sixty years
约翰?沃尔夫冈?冯?歌德享年83岁，德国诗人、剧作家、政治家和科学家。他是德国历史上最伟大的人物之一。他的最著名的上下两部诗剧《浮士德》，从23岁开始创作直至他临终前完成，耗时近六十年。
Speaking Activity
Starting a Conversation
Sample Dialogue
Read the following conversation. Pay attention to how the speakers greet
and introduce each other.
Steve: Hi. I don't think we've met. My name's Steve.
Jenny: Hi, Steve. Nice to meet you. My name's Juanita, but everybody
calls me Jenny.
Steve: It's a pleasure to meet you, Jenny.
Jenny: Sorry, what was your name again?
Steve: Steve.
Jenny: So Steve, what do you do for a living?
Steve: I work at the public library. How about you?
Jenny: I'm a university student.
Steve: That's great. So, where do you study?
Jenny: Carnegie Mellon University. CMU is a global research university
recognized for world-class arts and technology programs. It's the best
university in the world for my major.
Steve: Great for you! It was really nice meeting you.
Jenny: Yeah. It was a pleasure meeting you too.
注：卡内基?梅隆大学
成立于1990年，位于美国宾州的匹兹堡，是一所研究型的私立大学，也是美国的重点大学之一。
Guided Practice
Directions:
Greet a person close to you and introduce yourselves to each other. Use
your own information. You may use the following tips to help you.
Hi, my name's…
Nice to meet you.
What do you do for a living?
I'm a student at…What about you?
I work at…
It was a pleasure meeting you.
1、suggestion
n. an idea or a plan you mention for somebody else to think about
建议，提议
例句：We welcome any comments and _________________
about these plans. （suggest, suggestions）
我们欢迎任何关于这些计划的批评和建议。
【答】suggestions
【解】句意：我们欢迎任何关于这些计划的批评建议。and连接两个并列的成分，因此空格处应填入与名词comments相同的名词形式。答案为suggestions。
a series of things that you do in order to achieve something
步骤；措施
3、foundation
n. a principle, an idea or a fact that something is based on and
that it grows from 基础；根据
n. one of several things that cause or influence something
因素；要素
5、immerse
v. to make（somebody/something）
completely involved（in something）
（使）深陷于，沉浸在
例句：She was immersed in her work to try and forget her
problems at home.
她沉浸在工作中，试图忘记家庭的烦恼。
have something as a result or a likely result 意味着
例句： Language learning means listening, speaking,
reading and writing.
语言学习意味着听说读写。
7、explanation
n. a statement for a fact that tells you why something happened
解释；说明；阐述
例句：Right now I cannot give you a detailed
_________________ of why I'm late. （explain,
explanation）
现在我不能给你一个为什么我迟到了的详细解释。
【答】explanation
【解】名词短语a
detailed在句中作动词give的直接宾语，空格中的词作形容词detailed修饰的中心词，因此应填入名词形式。答案为explaination。
8、enjoyably
way that gives pleasure 快乐地；愉快地; 有趣地
例句：She is such a good teacher, and her lessons are
really _________________ . （enjoyable,
enjoyably）
她是个好老师，她讲课真的是很有趣。
【答】enjoyable
【解】空格中的词位于be动词are的后面，在句子中作表语成分，副词enjoyably
不能作表语，形容词enjoyable（令人愉快的）可以作表语，符合题意。答案为enjoyable。
adv. for the most part 大多；大部分
10、partly
adv. To some extent, not completely 一定程度上；部分地
例句： I feel _________________ responsible for the
problems we're having.
我觉得我应该为我们现存的问题负部分责任。
【答】partly
【解】句意：我觉得我应该为我们现有的问题付部分责任。观察本句成分可知，空格中填入的词在句子中做状语成分，同时根据句意，partly
符合题意，修饰形容词 responsible。答案为partly。
11、effective
adj. producing the result that is wanted or expected 有效的
12、vocabulary
the words that a person knows or uses 词汇；词汇量
13、phrase
n. a group of words which contains an idea and forms part of a
sentence 短语；词组
series of items, especially when they are written or printed
目录；清单
例句：We are making a list of the top ten men we would
not want to be married to.
我们不想嫁给那些在我们列表上排在前十位的男人。
15、review
n. looking again at something you have read or studied 复习
16、gradually
adv. slowly, over a long period of time 逐渐地；逐步地
17、accurately
adv. correctly, truly 准确地；无误地
18、accumulate
v. to gradually increase in number or amount 积累；积聚
19、responsibility
n. a duty to deal with or take care of somebody/something with
the result that you may be blamed if something goes wrong 责任；职责
例句：The minister took _________________ for the
disaster and resigned. （responsible,
responsibility）
这个部长对这场灾难负责并且引咎辞职了。
【答】responsibility
【解】空格中的词在句中作动词take的宾语，因此应该填入一个名词。且take
responsibility for对……负责，是动词短语固定搭配。答案为responsibility。
20、content
n. the things that are contained in something 内容
21、fluent
to speak a language easily and well 流利的；流畅的
例句：Tom didn't read _________________ till he was
nearly eight. （ fluent, fluently）
汤姆直到快八岁了才能流利地阅读。
【答】fluently
【解】句意：直到将近8岁的时候，他才能读得流利。注意not
till 句的翻译“直到……才”，根据关键词read
可知，fluent 可以搭配修饰，因此空格中应该填入fluent
的副词形式。答案为fluently。
v. to rest or do something that is
enjoyable 放松
例句：When I get home from work, I like
to_________________ with a glass of wine. （relax,
relaxing）
我下班回家后喜欢喝杯葡萄酒放松一下。
【答】relax
【解】本题考查动词like的用法。like
to do something或者like something,to后面接动词原形。答案为relax。
23、matter
v. to be important or have an important effect on
somebody/something 要紧；有重大影响
例句：As long as you are happy, that's all that matters.
只要你高兴，那就很重要。
n. the speed at which something happens 速度
25、guarantee
n. a firm promise that something will be done or will happen
保证；担保
例句： A famous brand name is not necessarily a
_________________ of quality. （guarantee）
一个知名品牌不必然是品质保证。
【答】guarantee
【解】句意：一个知名的商标品牌不必然是品质保证。不定冠词a修饰空格中的词，在句中做标语成分。因此空格中应该填入一个能与quality
搭配的名词形式，guarantee of quality 品质保证。答案为guarantee。
Confidence and hard work are the biggest _________________ of success.
自信并努力工作是取得成功的最大保证。
【答】guarantee
biggest guarantee
最大的保证。本题陈述一般性事实，因此用一般现在时即可。答案为are the biggest
guarantee of success。翻译：自信并努力工作是取得成功的最大保证。
26、success
achieving desired results 成功
例句：The _________________ of almost any project
depends largely on its manager. （success,
successful）
几乎任何项目的成功很大程度上取决于此项目的经理。
【答】success
【解】定冠词the修饰空格中的词，在句子中做主语成分，因此空格中应该填入名词形式success成功。答案为success。
Phrases and Expressions
far （used with comparative or superlative
adjectives or adverbs） by a great amount
大大地，得多
immersed in to be completely involved in
something 沉浸于
例句：Busy preparing for the exam, he _________________
studying. （be immersed in）
由于忙于准备考试，他完全沉浸在学习之中。
been immersed in
【解】busy
preparing for the exam
是现在分词形式作伴随状语，表示与主语动作同时发生。be immersed in
沉浸于，是固定搭配。答案为 has been immersed in studying。翻译：由于忙于准备考试，他完全沉浸在学习之中。
to to be connected with something/somebody
涉及；与……相关
used to to be familiar with something
because you do it often 习惯于；适应
例句：Though he was in college for quite a few months,
he _________________ living campus away from home. （get
尽管他上大学几个月了，仍不习惯离家在外的校园生活。
not got used to
used to习惯于；适应；从句中用的是过去时，故而此处也应该用过去时态；又因为要表述的是：尽管在大学呆了一段时间，但是还不适应校园生活。故而此处用否定。其答案为：had
not got used to。
on to give attention, effort, etc. to one
particular subject, situation or person 集中（注意力、精力等）于
up to （cause to）
increase or become larger or greater in number （使）扩大；增多
例句：He took the part-time job _________________
experience. （build up）
为了积累经验,他做这份兼职工作。
【解】不定式中的to可表目的。积累经验，即build
up experience。答案为 to build up experience。翻译：为了积累经验，他做这份兼职工作。
into to meet somebody or something by
chance 偶然遇见，碰到
responsibility for to take the duty to
deal with something or take care of somebody 对
例句：As you have grown up, you should _________________
your words and deeds. （take responsibility for）
因为你已经长大成人，你应当对自己的言行负责。
【答】take
responsibility for
【解】as表示原因。take
responsibility for 为……负责，是固定搭配。情态动词should后面直接接动词原形。答案为take
responsibility for your words and deeds。翻译：因为你已经长大成人，你应当对自己的言行负责。
control to have the ability to do what you
want 控制；掌控；掌管
like to have a desire for something or to
want to do something at a particular moment 想做某事
back to sit on something, usually a chair,
in a relaxed position 舒舒服服地坐好
sure to do something in order to be
certain that something else happen 确保
Pre-reading Questions
1. Do you find it difficult to learn a foreign language? What are some
of the difficulties you have?
2. What suggestions have your teachers or anybody else made about
learning a foreign language?
Learning a Foreign Language
There are many ways to learn a foreign language well! ①Read
the suggestions below. Following these steps will give you a firm
foundation.
Spend time
By far the most important factor is how much time you are immersed in
the language. ②The more time you spend on the language, the faster you
will learn. ③This
means listening, reading, writing and speaking. It does not mean
sitting in class looking out of the window, or listening to other
students who do not speak well, or expecting explanations in your own
language about how the language works. ④ It means spending time
enjoyably on whatever relates to the language you are learning. ⑤
Listen and read every day
Wherever you are, listen to the language on your MP3 player and read
what you are listening to. ⑥Listen
to and read materials that you like, materials that you can mostly
understand, or even only partly understand. If you keep listening and
reading, you will get used to the language. One hour of listening and
reading each day is more effective than many hours of class time.
Focus on words and phrases
Build up your vocabulary. You'll need lots. Start to notice words and
how they come together as phrases. Learn these words and phrases through
listening and reading. Read online, using online dictionaries, and make
your own vocabulary lists for review. Soon you will run into your new
words and phrases elsewhere. Gradually you will be able to use them.
Do not worry about how accurately you speak until you have accumulated
plenty of words through listening and reading. ⑦
Take responsibility for your own learning
If you do not want to learn the language, you won't. If you do want to
learn the language, take control. Choose content that interests you,
that you want to listen to and read. Look up the words and phrases
that you need in order to understand your listening and reading. Do not
wait for someone else to show you the language or tell you what to do. ⑧Discover
the language by yourself, like a child growing up. Talk when you feel
like it. Write when you feel like it. A teacher cannot teach you to
become fluent, but you can learn to become fluent if you want to.
Relax and enjoy yourself
Do not worry about what you cannot remember, or cannot yet understand,
or cannot yet say. It does not matter. ⑨You
are learning and improving. The language will gradually become
clearer, but this will happen at a pace that you cannot control. ⑩So
sit back and enjoy. Above all, make sure you spend enough time with the
language. That is the greatest guarantee of success.
Key Sentences
are many ways to learn a foreign language well!
学好外语有许多种方法。
far the most important factor is how much time you are immersed in the
最为重要的因素在于你花多少时间浸泡在外语之中。
more time you spend on the language,
the faster you will learn.
你在语言学习上用的时间越多，你就学得越快。
does not mean sitting in class looking out of the window, or listening
to other students who do not speak well, or expecting explanations in
your own language about how the language works.
这并不意味着你坐在教室里，看着窗外，或者听那些口语说得不太好的同学说话，也不是期望用自己母语来解释怎么说外语。
means spending time enjoyably on whatever relates to the language you
are learning.
而是说要多花时间心情愉悦地学习任何与所学语言相关的东西。
6、Wherever
you are, listen to the language on your MP3 player and read what you are
listening to.
无论你在何处，听MP3播放器学外语并且读出你所听到的内容。
not worry about how accurately you speak until you have accumulated
plenty of words through listening and reading.
通过大量的听力和阅读练习，你才能积累词汇量。在此之前，你不必担忧如何准确地表达。
up the words and phrases that you need in order to understand your
listening and reading. Do not wait for someone else to show you the
language or tell you what to do.
在词典中查阅你所需要理解的词或短语，别等着别人来告诉你如何去做。
not worry about what you cannot remember, or cannot yet understand, or
cannot yet say. It does not matter.
不要担心你记不住或者不明白或者不能说，没有关系（不要紧）。
language will gradually become clearer, but this will happen at a pace
that you cannot control.
你的语言学习会逐渐变得清楚明白，但是这将需要一个过程。学习语言进步的速度是你无法控制的。
Ⅰ. Checking Your Comprehension
Directions:
Choose the best answer to each question from the information given in
the passage.
1.The author suggests that a foreign language learner
should_________________.
作者建议外语学习者应当_________________。
observe how other people speak
spend more time in class
be clear about how the language works
enjoy being involved with the language
【解】本题考查作者对外语学习者的建议。文章第二段最后一句提到，spending
time enjoyably on whatever relates to the language your are learning，即要多花时间心情愉悦地学习任何与所学语言相关的东西。答案为D。
2. According to the author, a good language learner
should_________________.
按照作者的观点，一个好的语言学习者应当_________________。
carry an MP3 player at all times
read what he or she is listening to
listen to and read the most difficult texts possible
stay away from teachers and class time
【解】本题考查一个好的语言学习者的做法。文章第三段首句提到，
listen to language on your MP3 player and read what you are listening，即听你的MP3播放器里的外语音频，然后read
你听到的内容。答案为B。
3. Learning a foreign language well involves_________________.
学好外语包括_________________。
building up one's vocabulary
making one's own dictionary
avoiding new words and phrases
stressing accuracy rather than fluency
【解】本题考查课文对学好英语的建议。课文中the
third step 首句提到,build up your vocabulary,即扩充你的词汇量。答案为A。
4. If you want to learn a language well, you should_________________.
如果你要学好外语，你应该_________________。
learn the language like a child
depend mostly on your teacher
be responsible for your own learning
ask someone to tell you what to do
【解】通过浏览各个选项可知，C项在课文第五段中被提及，即take
responsibility for your own learning,即对你自己的学习负责。答案为C。
5. The author believes that the greatest guarantee of success
is_________________.
作者认为成功的最大保证是_________________。
to relax and enjoy yourself
to forget what you cannot remember
to have a leisurely pace
to spend enough time with the language
【解】通过关键词greatest
guarantee of success可以定位到文章最后一段的最后一句，this指代前一句的内容，即spend
enough time with the language is the greatest guarantee of success。答案为D。
Ⅱ. Building Your Vocabulary
Directions:
Complete each of the following sentences with the correct choice of the
words given in the brackets.
1. We welcome any comments and _________________ about these plans.
（suggest, suggestions）
【答】suggestions
【解】句意：我们欢迎任何关于这些计划的批评建议。and连接两个并列的成分，因此空格处应填入与名词comments相同的名词形式。答案为suggestions。
2. Right now I cannot give you a detailed _________________ of why I'm
（explain, explanation）
【答】explanation
【解】名词短语a
detailed在句中作动词give的直接宾语，空格中的词作形容词detailed修饰的中心词，因此应填入名词形式。答案为explaination。
3. The minister took _________________ for the disaster and resigned.
（responsible, responsibility）
【答】responsibility
【解】空格中的词在句中作动词take的宾语，因此应该填入一个名词。且take
responsibility for对……负责，是动词短语固定搭配。答案为responsibility。
4. When I get home from work, I like to _________________ with a glass
（relax, relaxing）
【答】relax
【解】本题考查动词like的用法。like
to do something或者like something,to后面接动词原形。答案为relax。
5. The _________________ of almost any project depends largely on its
（success, successful）
【答】success
【解】定冠词the修饰空格中的词，在句子中做主语成分，因此空格中应该填入名词形式success成功。答案为success。
6. She is such a good teacher, and her lessons are really
_________________.
（enjoyable, enjoyably）
【答】enjoyable
【解】空格中的词位于be动词are的后面，在句子中作表语成分，副词enjoyably
不能作表语，形容词enjoyable（令人愉快的）可以作表语，符合题意。答案为enjoyable。
Directions:
Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
③list ⑤partly ①matters ⑥involves
②fluently ④guarantee accumulate factor
1. As long as you are happy, that‘s all that _________________.
【答】matters
【解】句意：只要你高兴，那就很重要。as
long as 表示条件，意思是“只要”，引导条件状语从句。all
that相当于what，即that is
what matters，语法结构是that is＋宾语从句。答案为matters。
2. Tom didn't read _________________ till he was nearly eight.
【答】fluently
【解】句意：直到将近8岁的时候，他才能读得流利。注意not
till 句的翻译“直到……才”，根据关键词read
可知，fluent 可以搭配修饰，因此空格中应该填入fluent
的副词形式。答案为fluently。
3. We are making a _________________ of the top ten men we would not
want to be married to.
【答】list
【解】句意：我们不想嫁给那些在我们列表上排在前十位的男人。make
a list 列表、列个清单，是固定搭配。答案为list。
4. A famous brand name is not necessarily a _________________ of
【答】guarantee
【解】句意：一个知名的商标品牌不必然是品质保证。不定冠词a修饰空格中的词，在句中做标语成分。因此空格中应该填入一个能与quality
搭配的名词形式，guarantee of quality 品质保证。答案为guarantee。
5. I feel _________________ responsible for the problems we're having.
【答】partly
【解】句意：我觉得我应该为我们现有的问题付部分责任。观察本句成分可知，空格中填入的词在句子中做状语成分，同时根据句意，partly
符合题意，修饰形容词 responsible。答案为partly。
6. Any investment _________________ an element of risk.
【答】involves
【解】句意：任何投资都包含风险的成分。空格中填入的词在句中作谓语，因此应该填入一个动词。且根据主语
investment 与宾语 risk
的逻辑关系可知，投资也是包含风险的。答案为involves。
Directions:
Complete each of the following sentences with a suitable word.
1. She was immersed _________________ her work to try and forget her
problems at home.
她沉浸在工作中，试图忘记家庭的烦恼。
【解】她沉浸于她的工作，试图忘记家庭的烦恼。be
immersed in是固定搭配，意思是沉浸于。答案为in。
2. I found the job tiring at first, but I soon got used
_________________ it.
开始我发现这份工作很无趣，但不久我就适应了工作。
【解】我发现这份工作开始很无聊，但是很快我就适应了。get
used to是固定搭配，意思是习惯于；适应于。答案为to。
3. All eyes were focused _________________ the young actress who was
sitting at the table next to us.
所有的眼睛都集中到了一位坐在我们旁边桌子上的年轻女演员身上。
【解】句意：所有的眼睛都集中于这位年轻的表演者身上，她坐在我们旁边的桌子边上。focus
on 是固定搭配，意思是集中（注意力、精力）于。答案为on。
4. All the pressure built _________________ and he was off work for
weeks with stress.
所有的压力增大，他因此几个星期没上班。
【解】句意：各方面的压力越来越大，他因负荷太重有好几个星期没来上班。build
up是固定搭配，意思是（使扩大）、增多。答案为up。
5. I ran _________________ an old friend on the street yesterday.
昨天在街上我碰到了一位老朋友。
【答】into
【解】句意：昨天我在街上偶然遇到一位老朋友。run
into是固定搭配，意思是偶然遇见，碰到。答案为into。
6. When we took control _________________ the company, it was losing
我们掌控这个公司时，它正处于亏损中。
【解】句意：当我们掌管这个公司的时候，它正在亏本中。take
Ⅲ. Bridging the Gap
Directions:
Fill in the blanks with a word or a phrase that best completes the
passage. You may choose a suitable one from the list given.
for ⑧、funny ③、started
⑩、because
⑤、success
①、learning ⑦、Actually
②、discourages
⑨、speak ④、without
&You need to start early, or as a kid in order to be fluent in English
（or any other language）!&This
is one of the biggest myths about 1 a new language. What is really
sad about this belief is that it actually 2 people from trying. If
you are 18 or 30 or 65 and you truly believe you should have 3
when you were younger, then either you will not try （since
you will think you are too old）, or you will
try 4 believing in it. When we do something without believing in
it, guess what? Yes, we usually fail, since motivation is a big factor
【答】1.learning
2.discourages 3.started 4.without 5. success
【解】1.首先根据空格后面的关健词language
确定空格中应填入的动词为learn。about作为介词时，后面直接名词或是动名词，因此词learn应该转化为动名词形式learning。答案为learning。
2.根据前面的关键词sad及句意可知，此处空格应该填入一个表示消极意思的动词，且discourage
somebody from doing 不鼓励某人做某事，是固定搭配。根据主语是第三人称单数it，确定动词后面要加s。答案为discourages。
3.根据空格前面的年龄18/30/65以及后面的younger可以确定，动词start符合题意。同时根据空格前面的have
可知，应该填入start 的完成时态。答案为started。
4.or连接前后两个成分表示选择关系，根据前面的truly
believe，可知后面应该是 believe的否定形式，因此believing前面的空格应该填入表示否定的词。答案为without。
5.since在句中表示原因，解释前面的usually
fail。因为motivation在成功中很重要。那么如果失败，就是因为没有motivation。答案为success。
It is only natural to 6 reasons that can explain our difficulties
in doing something. However, you are never too old to exercise, travel,
learn anything or…learn a new language. 7 , all these activities
help you live longer, enjoy your retirement, keep your brain working and
maintain your language skills.
look for 7. Actually
【解】6.根据空格后面的reasons以及explain的逻辑关系可知，是要寻找答案来explain一些事情中的难题。答案为look
7.空格前面一句讲述了人们不会因为太老而不能做某些事情，空格后面则讲述了人们通过做上述那些事情可以获得很多益处。根据空格前后的逻弃关系是后面解释说明前面，因此actually事实上，符合题意。答案为Actually。
What is 8 is that I always hear this belief from people who do
NOT speak any foreign language! Meanwhile, of course, people who do,
9 several languages do not bother mentioning it. Why? Quite simply ,
let's face it, 10 most, people who learn a new language do so as
adults. That's when you need to!
funny 9. speak 10. because
8.根据空格后面的句意，有趣的是，我总能从那些根本不说外语的人那里听到这个观点。funny滑稽的、有趣的，符合题意。答案为funny。
9.meanwhile
是与此同时，含有递进的意思。speak 是与language
搭配的固定动词，且do加动词原形表示强调的意思。答案为speak。
10.根据空格前面的why可知，后面是对前面讲述的内容进行解释，
because 表原因，符合题意。答案为because。
Ⅳ. Translation
Directions:
Translate the following sentences into English, using the words of
phrases in the brackets.
1. Busy preparing for the exam, he _______________
（完全沉浸在学习中）.（ be immersed in）
been immersed in
【解】busy
preparing for the exam
是现在分词形式作伴随状语，表示与主语动作同时发生。be immersed in
沉浸于，是固定搭配。答案为 has been immersed in studying。翻译：由于忙于准备考试，他完全沉浸在学习之中。
2. Though he was in college for quite a few months,
he_______________________（不习惯离家在外的校园生活）.（get
not got used to
living campus away from home.
【解】根据前半句的was判断，后句也应该用过去完成时。get
used to 习惯于，是固定动词短语搭配。答案为had not got used to
living campus away from home。翻译：尽管他上大学几个月了，仍不习惯离家在外的校园生活。
3. He took the part-time job ___________________（为了积累经验）.（build
build up experience.
【解】不定式中的to可表目的。积累经验，即build
up experience。答案为 to build up experience。翻译：为了积累经验，他做这份兼职工作。
4. As you have grown up, you should ____________
（对自己的言行负责）.（take
responsibility for）
【答】take
responsibility for
your words and deeds.
【解】as表示原因。take
responsibility for 为……负责，是固定搭配。情态动词should后面直接接动词原形。答案为take
responsibility for your words and deeds。翻译：因为你已经长大成人，你应当对自己的言行负责。
5. Confidence and hard work __________________（是取得成功的最大保证）.（guarantee）
the biggest guarantee of success
biggest guarantee
最大的保证。本题陈述一般性事实，因此用一般现在时即可。答案为are the biggest
guarantee of success。翻译：自信并努力工作是取得成功的最大保证。
Directions:
Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
Languages are meant to be spoken. So, in order to learn effectively, you
should try to speak with someone face to face. Speaking will greatly
increase your confidence. Of course, speaking with a native speaker is
best. However, most learners do not live in English-speaking countries,
and so are unlikely to be able to benefit from practising with native
speakers. On the other hand, you can make very considerable progress by
speaking to fellow learners. Don't be embarrassed because both of you
are Chinese. Practise ten minutes every day . After a few weeks, you
will begin to notice a difference. Speaking with others is the best way
to ensure that you can really make yourself understood. It is also a
good way of identifying the words and phrases that you will need in
daily life.
【答】语言就是要利用它来说话的。所以为了高效地学习语言，你应该尝试着跟别人面对面地谈话。口头表达能增强你的自信心。当然，最好是和讲本地语言的人说话，才能强化这门语言。然而，大多数英语语言学习者并不生活在英语国家，所以，不大可跟讲英语为母语的人练习对话并从中获益。另一方面，你可以通过和一起学习英语的人们对话来获得很大进步。不要因为你们都是中国人而感到尴尬。每天练习十分钟。几个星期以后，你就会开始发现变化。和他人讲话是最好的方法来确保别人能理解你的表达，也是强化你日常所需要的词汇和短语的好方法。
Ⅴ. Organizing Your Ideas
Directions:
Put the following sentences in the proper order so that they make a
complete paragraph.
1. The mother cat looked up and said, &Bow wow wow wow!!! &
2. When the dog ran away, the mother cat said to her kittens,
3. A mother cat was resting with her kittens in a garden.
4. At this moment, a vicious dog approached menacingly.
5. &See, children, there is always an advantage in learning a second
language.&
【答】排列句子顺序：
3 ― 4 ― 1― 2 ― 5
【解题思路】做句子排序题首先要通读各项，掌握短文的大意。然后要找出每一部分的关键词来确定句子先后顺序。第3句中交代了短文的关键信息：对象mother
cat、kittens；地点in the
garden,因此作为首句。最后根据每一句中的关键词 at this
moment,looked up,run away 等确定各部分顺序。
Ⅵ. Reflecting on the Text
思考： 学习外语是否应该像儿童学习自己的母语？
Almost all Chinese students have studied English for quite a few years
but most of them cannot speak it correctly or fluently. Some people
claim that the best way to learn a foreign language is to learn it as a
child learns his mother tongue. Do you agree or disagree with this
opinion? What are the differences between learning a foreign language
and learning one's mother tongue? Give reasons and examples to support
your answer.
【解题思路】本作文的主题是“学习外语是否应该像儿童学习自己的母语”，可以分为三部分来写，下面以统一这种观点列出写作提纲。
1.明确自己的观点（agree）。
2.列出自己“统一”的原因。
（1）接触新事物，环境很重要（environment）.
（2）勤加练习，善于学习（exercise and
（3）每天进步一点点，就像孩子的成长一样（make
progress every day）。
3.总结自己的观点。
1、comparison
n. the process of comparing two or more people or things
n. any of the forms of a verb that may be used to show the time
of the action or state expressed by the verb 时态
3、preposition
n. a word or a group of words, such as in, from, to, out, of,
etc., used before a noun or pronoun to show place, position, time or
method 介词
4、normally
adv. usually, in normal circumstances 通常；在正常情况下
5、precise
exact and accurate in detail or description 确切的；准确的
6、creative
adj. having the skill or ability to produce something new
有创造力的
7、enhance
improve the quality, amount or strength of （something）
提高；增强；改进
8、completely
adv. totally, in every way possible 彻底地；完全地
9、exclude
v. to prevent somebody/ something from entering a place or taking
part in something 把…排斥在外
determinedly avoid （somebody/something）;
to refuse to accept （somebody/ something）
避开；回避；避免
11、relegate
v. to put （something/ somebody）
into a lower or less important rank or position 降级；降低…的地位
12、cheesy
cheap or of low quality 劣质的；庸俗的
13、receptive
adj. willing to listen to and accept new ideas and suggestions
乐于接受的
14、frustrating
causing you to feel annoyed or impatient because you cannot do or
achieve what you want 令人懊恼的；令人沮丧的
15、medium
method or way of expressing something 媒介；手段；方法
16、profoundly
adv. in a way that has a very great effect on somebody/something
极大地，深刻地
17、melodic
adj. pleasant to listen to, like music 悦耳的；优美动听的
18、grateful
adj. showing or expressing thanks, especially to another person
感谢的；感激的
19、stubbornly
adv determinedly, strongly refused to change 固执地；顽固地
20、ignore
intentionally not listen or give attention to 忽视；对…不予理会
21、community
n. the people living in one particular area or people who are
considered as a unit because of their common interests, background or
nationality 社区；群体
22、majority
largest part of a group of people or things 大多数
23、tongue
language 语言
24、isolated
adj. without much contact with other people or other countries
孤独的；孤立的
25、realize
v. to understand or become aware of a particular fact or
situation 理解；意识到
26、immediately
at once 立刻；立即
27、translate
change （words） into
a different language 翻译
28、immediate
adj. happening or done without delay 立即的
29、credibility
n. the quality that somebody / something has that makes people
believe or trust them 可信性；可靠性
completely, absolutely ＋足地；绝对地
lacking new too often repeated and therefore not
amusing or interesting 陈词滥调的；陈旧的；老生常谈的
32、pick-up
n. talking to somebody in a friendly way in the hope of having a
casual relationship with them 调情
33、tastefully
attractively, elegantly, in good taste 高雅地；有品位地；雅致地
34、undeniably
adv. truly, certainly, in a way that cannot be denied
无可辩驳地；不可否认地
35、refinement
n. the quality of being polite and educated and able to judge the
quality of things 优雅；有礼貌；有教养
n. a female student in a college with male and female students
（男女同校的）女生
Phrases and Expressions
make sense
to have a meaning that you can easily understand
有道理；有意义
hear … out
to listen until somebody has finished saying what they want to say
听某人把话说完
measuring stick
criterion used to measure something
量尺；标准
take… for granted
to believe something is true without even thinking about
认为……是理所当然的
get the most out of
to gain or obtain the best out of, make the best use of
获益最多；充分利用
exclude……from
to prevent somebody or something from taking part in something
把……排斥在外
make an effort
to make an attempt to do something, especially when it is difficult
尽力；努力
be struck by
to be impressed or interested by somebody/something, to like somebody/
something very much
被……打动；迷恋某人（某物）
sell oneself short
to put too low a value on oneself and what one does
低估，轻视，小瞧（自己）
set……apart
to make somebody/something different from or better than others
使与众不同：使突出
be dying to do……
to be eager to do something, want to do something very much
渴望；极想
Pre-reading Questions
1.Are you interested in English? Why do you think English has become the
international language of the modern world?
2.What reasons do you expect the author to give for learning a foreign
Five Good Reasons to Learn a Foreign Language
Still don't understand learning a foreign language is a good idea? Read
the following and you will get the idea!
1.Improve your native language
I know this might not make sense at first but hear me out. ⑴
As a person who speaks only one language, you have no basis for
all you know is your native language. In different languages
the same idea is often expressed in different ways. Knowing another
language gives you a great measuring stick. It will help you better
understand tenses, prepositions and all the other parts of speech we
normally take for granted. ⑵ You will find yourself speaking and
writing more precise and creative sentences. There is a reason why
most great writers and poets are students of many languages. ⑶
2.Enhance your experience of travel
Traveling is one of the great joys of life and also one of the most
expensive. Why not get the most out of it? If you don't know the
language of the places you visit, you are completely excluded from the
culture. ⑷ The locals shun you and you are relegated to
sightseeing and taking cheesy photos. ⑸ Knowing even a few phrases
of the language will make a huge difference. You will meet many more
people and find it much easier to get around. People are much more
receptive if you make an effort to speak their language. ⑹ This can
turn a frustrating experience into the trip of a lifetime.
3.Languages are beautiful
Language is what makes us human. It is the medium we use to share our
thoughts with the rest of the world. Can you imagine thought without
language? Great language also has a wonderful musical quality. Learning
a new language is like learning a new way to think and a new way to
sing. I am often struck by new phrases that are profoundly meaningful
and melodic. ⑺ At those moments I feel grateful to be alive.
Don't sell yourself short by stubbornly ignoring every language but one.
4.Join the global community
Believe it or not, the majority of the world does not speak our mother
tongue. We are so isolated that we hardly realize this. ⑼ The truth
is that new thoughts and ideas are appearing everywhere and they are not
being immediately translated. ⑽ The world is getting smaller and we
are coming into contact with more non-Chinese speakers all the time.
Gain an advantage for yourself in business and personal relationships by
being able to communicate with people in their language. ⑾ This will
set you apart and gain you immediate respect and credibility.
Last, but not least:
5.It's just plain cool
I'm not saying you should learn a few corny French pick-up lines and go
saying them to everyone you meet, but knowing a foreign tongue and
applying it tastefully is undeniably attractive.⑿
It implies education, good taste and refinement, and it will
certainly make you stand out against the competition. ⒀ Imagine
saying a beautiful phrase with perfect pronunciation to a lovely coed.
You will immediatel she will be dying to know what
it means. I know this from experience.
Key Sentences
1.I know this might not make sense at first but hear me out.
我知道最初这话听起来似乎没有道理,但是请让我把话说完.
2.It will help you better understand tenses, prepositions and all the
other parts of speech we normally take for granted.
它将帮助你更好地理解时态、介词以及我们习以为常的其他部分。
3.There is a reason why most great writers and poets are students of
many languages.
这就是为什么大多数伟大的作家和诗人都学过几门语言。
4.If you don't know the language of the places you visit, you are
completely excluded from the culture.
如果你不懂你所访问之处的语言，就完全被当地文化排除在外。
5.The locals shun you and you are relegated to sightseeing and taking
cheesy photos.
当地人不搭理你，你只能观光游览，拍一些俗气的照片。
6.People are much more receptive if you make an effort to speak their
如果你尽量努力学说他们的语言，人们会更加乐于接受你。
7.I am often struck by new phrases that are profoundly meaningful and
一些意义深远、音调优美动听的短语常常使我印象深刻。
8.Don't sell yourself short by stubbornly ignoring every language but
不要由于顽固地忽视任何一门语言低估自己。
9.We are so isolated that we hardly realize this.
我们如此孤立，几乎没有意识到这一点。
10.The truth is that new thoughts and ideas are appearing everywhere and
they are not being immediately translated.
事实上，新思想和新观念正在世界各地出现，并且它们不会立即被翻译。
11.Gain an advantage for yourself in business and personal relationships
by being able to communicate with people in their language.
能用别人的语言与他们交流，这对你的事业和人际关系都是优势。
12.I'm not saying you should learn a few corny French pick-up lines and
go saying them to everyone you meet, but knowing a foreign tongue and
applying it tastefully is undeniably attractive.
我并不是说你应该学习一些老掉牙的法语搭讪语，并且对每个你遇到的人说这些语言，但是了解外语且运用自如无疑是有吸引力的。
13.It implies education, good taste and refinement, and it will
certainly make you stand out against the competition.
这意味着你有学识、有品位、有教养，这无疑会使你在竞争中脱颖而出。
1. A pick-up line is a conversation opener with the intent of
engaging an unfamiliar person for sex, romance, or dating. Overt and
sometimes humorous displays of romantic interest, pick-up line are often
used as ''ice-breakers& when meeting a person for the first time, as
they tend to be casual and open-ended, offering the opportunity for
romantic remarks and jokes.
Ⅰ checking your comprehension
Direction:
Read the following statements and mark Y
（for Yes） if the statement
agrees with the informati N （for
No） if the statement contradicts the
informati NG （for Not
Given） if the information is not given in the
（ 　）1. Learning a foreign language can help you
understand your mother tongue better.
【解】句意：学习一门外语能帮助你更好地理解你的母语。课文第二段提到，学习外语能够improve
your native language，更好地理解时态、介词等。答案为Y。
（ 　）2. Most great writers and poets know more than
one language.
【解】句意：很多作家以及诗人都不只会一门语言。根据关键词writers
and poets定位到第二段最后一句，即这就是为什么很多伟大的作家和诗人都曾学习多门语言。答案为Y。
（ 　）3. Knowing only a few words and phrases of a
foreign language is of little help.
【解】句意：知道几个外语单词和词组没有多大帮助。课文第三段第五句中提到，
knowing even a few phrases will make a huge difference，即学会一些外语句子就会有很大不同，比如可能会遇到很多人，更容易融入当地生活等。答案为N。
（ 　）4. Knowing a foreign language can enhance your
experience of travel.
【解】句意：懂得一门外语能够改善你的旅行体验。课文标题2中涉及如下观点：
enhance your experience of travel 改善你的旅行体验，因此本题说法正确。答案为Y。
（ 　）5. Language is the only medium for us to express
our thoughts.
【解】句意：语言是我们表达自己思想的唯一媒介。课文第四段中提到，语言是我们同世界交流自己思想的媒介，但是在现实生活中我们还可以通过手势、表情等来表达我们的思想。因此本题说法错误。答案为N。
（ 　）6. A foreign language is the most important
factor in business and personal relationships.
【解】句意：外语是事业和人际关系中最重要的因素。课文第五段倒数两句话说明，能够和他人用他们的语言交流，对事业和人际关系来说都是一大优势。但是并没有提到是不是最重要的因素。答案为NG。
Directions:
Complete the following sentences with the information given in the text.
1. Speakers of different languages often express the same idea
____________.
说不同语言的人常常以不同方式表达相同的概念。
different ways
【解】课文第二段第三句提到，in
different languages the same idea is often expressed in different ways，即同一个概念在不同的语言中有不同的表达方法。答案为in
different ways。
2. If you don't know the local language, you will be excluded
from_____________.
如果你不懂当地人的语言，就会被当地文化排斥在外。
【解】通过关键词exclude
from定位到文章第三段第三句，if you don't know the language
of the places you visit, you are excluded from the culture，即如果你不懂你旅行目的地的语言，你会被当地文化排斥在外。答案为the
3. The author believes that learning a new language is like
learning___________.
作者认为，学习一门新的语言就像学习一种新的思维方式以及歌唱方式一样。
new way to think and a new way to sing
【解】本题考查学生学习一门新语言可以与学习____________相像。课文第四段第五句提到，Learning
a new language is like learning a new way to think and a new way to sing，即学习一门新语言，就如同学习一种全新的思维方式以及歌唱方式一样。答案为a
new way to think and a new way to sing。
4.__________ is what makes us different from the animals.
语言是区分人类与动物的一大特征。
【答】Language
【解】课文第四段首句提到，Language
is what makes us human，即语言是区分人类和动物的一大特征。答案为Language。
5. Knowing a foreign language will set you apart and gain you
__________.
学会一门外语使你与众不同，立刻赢得尊重和信誉。
【答】immediate
respect and credibility
【解】通过关键词set
apart定位到课文第五段最后一句，this will set you apart and
gain you immediate respect and credibility, this 指代前文中的communicate
with people in their language。答案为immediate
respect and credibility。
6. Speaking a foreign language beautifully can make you ___________.
优雅地说一门外语，可以使你有吸引力。
【答】attractive
【解】最后一段提到，…knowing
a foreign tongue and applying it tastefully is undeniably attractive，后面是对attractive
的具体举例。答案为attractive。
Ⅱ Building Your Vocabulary
Directions:
Complete each of the following sentences with the correct choice of the
words given in the brackets.
1. The theory seems to have no __________ in facts.（base,
【答】basis
【解】句意：这项理论似乎没有事实根据。空格中的词在句子中作动词have
的宾语，因此应该填入一个名词。base 和basis
都可以作名词用，但是basis 作名词时可以用作抽象意义，即基础原则等；base多用于具体意义，根据theory可知，basis符合题意。答案为basis。
2. It is difficult to make a __________ with her previous book―they are
completely different.
（compare, comparison）
【答】comparison
【解】不定冠词a修饰空格中的词，因此应该填入名词形式。且make
a comparison进行比较，是固定搭配。答案为comparison。
3. There are other restaurants where you can eat less__________.（expensive,
expensively）
【答】expensively
【解】句意：你可以在其他不那么贵的饭店吃东西。less是little的比较级，修饰形容词或副词。空格处所填词修饰动词eat，因此应用副词形式的expensively，意为昂贵地、高价地，答案为expensively。
4. He wrote the ___________ but I don't know who wrote the words.（music,
【答】music
【解】定冠词the修饰空格中的词，在句子中作动词wrote的宾语，因此空格中应该填入名词形式的music。而musical可以作形容词，作名词时，意思是音乐剧/片。答案为music。
5. She was open-minded and always ________ to new ideas.（reception,
receptive）
【答】receptive
【解】and连接两个并列的成分，即形容词open-minded和空格中的词，因此空格中应该填入形容词receptive，意思是善于接受的。答案为receptive。
6. Newspapers were talking of a ___________ gap between what he said and
what he did.
（credible, credibility）
【答】credible
【解】空格中的词与前面的不定冠词a以及后面的名词gap构成名词短语，在句中作动词talking
of 的宾语，因此空格中应该填入形容词credible，意思是可靠的。答案为credible。
Directions:
Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where
necessary.
②precise ⑥ frustrate ③stubborn ④creative
major refine ⑤isolation ①realized
1. The moment I saw him, I ___________that something was wrong.
【答】realized
【解】句意：一看到他，我就认识到事情出了差错。空格中的词在句子中作谓语成分，因此应该填入一个动词，然后根据句子主语与宾语的逻辑关系可知，realize认识到，符合题意。答案为realized。
2. Let's not trouble ourselves about the ______ details at the moment.
【答】precise
【解】空格中的词修饰后面的名词details，并与前面的定冠词the构成名词短语，作介词about
的宾语，因此空格中应该填入一个形容词。precise
意为叙述清楚而准确的，符合题意。答案为precise。
3. Like many __________ individuals, she can be very bad-tempered.
【答】stubborn
【解】句意：像许多固执的人一样，她的脾气很坏。空格中的词在句子中修饰后面的名词individuals，同时根据后面bad-tempered可以推断出，前面应该填入的是形容词stubborn
固执的。答案为stubborn。
4. He is a __________ character, used to getting his own way.
【答】creative
【解】used
to getting his own way习惯自己随心所欲，与别人不同，因此前面应该填入一个表示如此意思的形容词，修饰名词character。
creative 意为具有创造性的，符合题意。答案为creative。
5. After all the visitor had left, she experienced a feeling of
complete____________.
【答】isolation
【解】句意：所有的游客离开之后，她体验到了孤独的感觉。根据前半句提到的所有游客都离开可知，此处空格应该填入一个表达孤独意思的词。空格处应填入被complete修饰的名词，isolation意为隔离、孤独，符合题意。答案为isolation。
6. Michael felt ____________ and depressed after his marriage ended in
【答】frustrated
【解】Michael
离婚之后感到挫败和沮丧。and连接前后两个并列的词，同时根据后面的depressed可知，前面应该填入与depressed同为消极意思的词。frustrated挫败的，符合题意。答案为frustrated。
Directions:
Complete each of the following sentences with a suitable word.
1. Researchers are trying to relate low exam results ___________ large
class sizes.
【解】句意：研究人员尝试把考试成绩差（的原因）与班级规模大联系起来。relate..,
to...意为把……和……联系起来，是固定搭配。答案为to。
2. Many of us ___________ having an endless supply of clean water for
【答】take
【解】句意：我们中的许多人想当然的认为纯净水的供应无穷无尽而不予以珍惜。take...for
granted认为……理所当然，是固定搭配。答案为take。
3. This article will show you how to get a job, keep it and make the
most ___________ of it.
【解】句意：这篇文章告诉我们怎样找工作，好好保存并充分利用它。make
the most out of是固定短语，充分利用。答案为out。
4. Tom has been excluded __________school for his bad behavior.
【答】from&
【解】句意：汤姆因为他的不良行为而被学校拒绝接纳。exclude...
from...是固定搭配，把……排除在……外。答案为from。
5. In one year she turned from a problem child ___________a model
【答】into
【解】句意：她在一年中由一个问题儿童变成一个模范学生。turn
into（使）成为，（使）变为，转变为，是固定搭配。答案为into。
6. She came into contact ___________many important people during her
stay in that city.
【答】with
【解】句意：她在那城市逗留期间，接触了许多要人。contact
with是固定搭配，与……联系。答案为with。
Ⅲ Translation
Directions:
Translate the following sentences into English, using the words or
phrases in the brackets.
The rain didn't _____________________（对比赛没有多大影响）.
（make difference）
【答】make
any difference
to the match
【解】make
difference关系重大，是固定搭配，后面接宾语的时候用of连接。答案为make
any difference to the match。翻译：这场雨对比赛没有多大影响。
2. The local clubs are__________________（正尽一切努力来吸引更多的年轻人）
. （make effort）
【答】making
all the efforts
to attract more young people
【解】make
efforts to do something尽力做某事，是固定搭配。make
all the efforts尽全力吸引更多的年轻人，即attract more young
people。答案为making all the efforts to attract
more young people。翻译：当地的俱乐部正尽一切努力来吸引更多的年轻人。
3. She seems to think that I _______________
（有份工作就该谢天谢地了）. （be grateful）
【答】should
be grateful for just a job
grateful for…意为对……心存感激。“应该”可用情态动词should表达。答案为should
be grateful for just a job。翻译：她似乎认为我有份工作就该谢天谢地了。
4.____________________（信不信由你，他向我求婚了）!
（believe it or not）
【答】Believe
it or not,
he proposed to me!
【解】propose
to someone是固定短语，意思是向某人求婚。答案为Believe
it or not, he proposed to me. 翻译：信不信由你，他向我求婚了!
5. Her elegant style _____________________
（使她与其他记者截然不同）. （set…apart）
【答】sets
her apart from other reporters.
apart是固定搭配，使……与……不同，后面接宾语的时候用from连接。记者可以译为journalists或者reporters。答案为sets
her apart from other journalists/ reporters。翻译：她优雅的风格使她与其他记者截然不同。
Directions:
Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
Learning English isn't just about doing business. It also opens up your
world to a lot of different fun activities. One of the main reasons
people wish to learn English today is that they want to meet people from
all over the world through the Internet. Through English, you will be
able to talk to different people, and see the world through their eyes.
You will be able to hear interesting stories and connect with the world
in a way you may never have thought possible.
【答】译文：
学习英语不单纯是做一件事务，通过学习英语也可以打开你的世界，给你许多不同有趣的活动。今天人们学英语的主要原因之一，就是通过互联网结交全世界人民。通过英语，你可以与不同的人们交谈，并且通过他们的视角看世界。你将能够听到有趣的故事，并与世界紧密相连，这些可能都是你从未意识到的。
Ⅳ Writing
Directions:
The following sentences are grammatically incorrect or incoherent.
Improve them.
Example: Mathematics are required of all the freshmen.
Revision: Mathematics is required of all the freshmen.
1 .Somebody think that speaking is not as important as reading and
【答】Somebody
thinks that speaking is not as important as reading and
【解】主语somebody
是第三人称单数，因此谓语动词think要加s。
2. The students always working till late at night before taking exams.
students are always working till late at night before
taking exams.
The students always work till late at night before taking
【解】本句中主语the
students与现在分词working之间缺少be动词。be动词在现在进行时态中作助动词，意为正在进行的时候，be不能解释为“是”，否则不通顺。或者改为一般现在时，谓语为work即可。
3. However, there are still a lot of questions remain to be answered.
【答】However,
there are still a lot of questions remaining to be
【解】本题中出现are与remain两个谓语动词，因此remain变为remaining。remaining指某事有待于以后被处置，后面常接不定式的被动形式，表示主语是不定式的承受者。
4. He bought the vest at a men's clothing store which cost only five
bought the vest at a men’s clothing store which cost him
only five dollars.
【解】关系代词which引导定语从句，用来补充说明前面句子中的先行词the
vest，本题中which引导的定语从句与先行词the
vest相隔太远，易造成歧义。我们可利用cost sb. sth.的动词结构修正从句的结构，使表达更准确。
5. If one is to read Beckett's plays intelligently, you should first
familiarize yourself with Beckett's novels.
you are to read Beckett's plays intelligently, you should
first familiarize yourself with Beckett's novels
【解】本题中if句中的主语one与后句中的主语you不一致，因此应该把后面的you以及yourself改为第三人称单数形式。或者采用主语为you的形式。
塞缪尔?贝克特（Samuel Beckett，1906年4月13日－1989年11月10日），20世纪爱尔兰、法国作家，创作的领域包括戏剧、小说和诗歌，尤以戏剧成就最高。他是荒诞派戏剧的重要代表人物。1969年，他因“以一种新的小说与戏剧的形式，以崇高的艺术表现人类的苦恼”而获得诺贝尔文学奖。
Directions:
Supply a topic sentence for the following paragraph.
____________________________.According to a recent survey, over 95% of
13-year-olds in the UK now own a mobile phone, and teenagers are texting
far more than they talk. The average young person makes or receives 3.5
calls a day, but sends or receives an incredible 9.6 texts a day.
Because text length is limited to a maximum of 160 characters per
message, young texters have developed new way of writing words and
phrases in a shortened form, so as to use the smallest number of
characters possible. For example the message &I hope to see you at the
party later, love Jo& can be written Hope 2CU@partyL8R, luv Jo. Many
people are concerned that Use of &text speak& is eroding the English
language and damaging children's ability to write &correct& English.
However, a definite link between texting and deterioration in children's
writing has yet to be proved.
【答】Texting
is becoming more and more popular among young people.
【解】空格后面一句用具体的调查数据说明了英国青少年使用手机发信息的人数很多，因此空格中应该填入总结说明英国青少年使用手机发信息的句子。
Grammar in Focus
时态（Tense）
时态（Tense）常用12种时态的构成及用法
构成：时间（time）和形式（aspect）的结合