ISSUU - DRT : Annual Report 2008 by sarunya dareephat
DRT : Annual Report 2008
DRT : Annual Report 2008
Annual Report国内外材料领域的牛人54-第9页
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国内外材料领域的牛人54-9
多种大孔径分子筛新材料，发表论文七十余篇，包括S；主要从事介孔材料合成和结构、机理的物理化学及其催；代表性文章：；1．DAnionicsurfactantindu；2．Dhighlyorderedmesoporo；CZ,LeiJ,ZhangQ,LiTC,TuB,；3．DThree-DimensionalLowS；4．DAFacileAqueousRoutet
多种大孔径分子筛新材料，发表论文七十余篇，包括Science、Nature三篇，J.Am.Chem.Soc.四篇，获得美国专利 5 项。其论文被同行引用高达500余次。主要从事介孔材料合成和结构、机理的物理化学及其催化的研究。目前在国内外学术刊物上发表论文290余篇，获美国发明专利4项，中国发明专利30项。研究结果曾被 Nature，Nature Materials，Chemistry of Materials，Journal of Materials Chemistry. 作为封面报道，美国材料协会、美国化学会等曾作为新闻进行报道。发表论文的引用次数超过万次。2002年被选为国际介观结构材料协会理事、秘书长，2004年被选为国际沸石协会理事，2006年再次当选为IMMA理事。现任国际刊物英国皇家化学会（RSC）Journal of Materials Chemistry中国地区副主编（Associate Editor），Journal of Colloid Interface Scienc的共编辑（Co-Editor），Chemistry-An Asian Journal、美国化学会Chemistry of Materials、Dalton Transactions和Nano等刊物的编委、顾问编委。2002年曾被 Advanced Materials刊物评为15年中48位顶级作者（Top Author）之一, 被国际ISI Web of Science公司列为近十年100名引用率最高的化学家之一（排名65）。曾获得国家自然科学二等奖（第一完成人）； D新世纪百千万人才工程‖国家级人选；杜邦奖（DuPont Young Professor Award）；中国青年科技奖；上海市科技进步奖一等奖；首届上海科技英才；上海市自然科学牡丹奖；全国劳动模范等多项奖励。获得国家自然科学基金委员会D优秀创新群体‖基金、D杰出青年基金‖，重大基金、重点基金以及上海市科委重大、重点基金等多项资助。代表性文章：1． DAnionic surfactant induced mesophase transformation to synthesize highly ordered large-pore mesoporous silica structuresD, Chen DH , Li Z, Wan Y, Tu XJ, Shi YF, Chen ZX, Shen W, Yu CZ, Tu B and Zhao DY, J. Mater. Chem., 11-15192． Dhighly ordered mesoporous silicas with very large poresD, Fan J, YuCZ, Lei J, Zhang Q, Li TC, Tu B, Zhou WZ, Zhao DY, J. Am. Chem. Soc., , 3． DThree-Dimensional Low Symmetry Mesoporous Silica Structures Templated from Tetra-Head Group Rigid Bolaform Quaternary Ammonium SurfactantD, Shen SD, Garcia-Bennett AE, Liu Z, Lu QY, Shi YF, Yan Y, Yu CZ, Liu WC, Cai Y, Terasaki O, Zhao DY, J. Am. Chem. Soc., , 4． DA Facile Aqueous Route to Synthesize Highly Ordered Mesoporous Polymers and Carbon Frameworks with Ia3d Bicontinuous Cubic StructureD, Zhang FQ, Meng Y, Gu D, Yan Y, Yu CZ, Tu B, Zhao DY, J. Am. Chem. Soc., , 5． DOrdered Mesoporous Polymers and Homologous Carbon Frameworks: Amphiphilic Surfactant Templating and Direct TransformationD, Meng Y, Gu D, Zhang FQ, Shi YF, Yang HF, Li Z, Yu CZ, Tu B, Zhao DY, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 53-70596. Synthesis of Core/Shell Colloidal Magnetic Zeolite Microspheres for the Immobilization of Trypsin.Yonghui Deng, Chunhui Deng, Dawei Qi, Chong Liu, Jia Liu, Xiangmin Zhang, Dongyuan Zhao*Adv. Mater., ), 1377 - 1382姓名：卢柯贡献：非晶晶化法制备纳米材料的始创者及纳米孪晶铜超塑性和超强度的发现单位：中国，沈阳金属所上榜理由：卢先生是当今国际上公认的三种纳米材料制备技术之一的非晶晶化法的创造者，并且第一次真真意义上地做出了世界上最大的一块的纳米铜样品，第一次真正的无孔隙的纳米材料样品的变形，真正告诉大家纳米材料是怎么变形的。从出道以来一直工作在纳米研究的国际前沿，而且研究方向自始至终很专一，因而很有深度。近年来在Science和PRL上发表的工作引起国际反响。不仅学术一流，组织能力也是一流，手下的弟子虽然名气不大，但是工作做得很塌实，凝聚力很强。在人脉上也很突出，与众多院士关系密切。年纪轻轻，已经是国际级专家，中国最年轻的院士之一。担任美国Science周刊评审编辑,国际Scripta Materialia 杂志编辑等等，未来的中国纳米材料第一人！ 代表性文章：1，K. Lu, L. Lu, S. SureshStrengthening Materials by Engineering Coherent Internal Boundaries at the NanoscaleScience,324 (22，L. Lu, X. Chen, X. Huang, K. LuRevealing the Maximum Strength in Nanotwinned CopperScience, 323 (03，L. LU, Y.F. SHEN, X.H. CHEN, L.H. QIAN, K. LUUltrahigh Strength and High Electrical Conductivity in CopperScience, 304 (64，L. LU, M.L. SUI, K. LUSuperplastic extensibility of nanocrystalline copper at room temperature Science, 287 (-1466姓名：戴宏杰贡献：新型一维纳米材料与微米/纳米半导体结构的集成单位：美国，斯坦福大学化学系教授上榜理由：1989年清华大学应用物理系学士，美国哥伦比亚大学硕士，美国哈佛大学博士，美国来斯大学博士后。后进入美国斯坦福大学担任助理教授、副教授，后被评为终身教授，是该校最年轻的终身教授。(1) 利用扫描隧道显微镜(STM)研究了掺杂二维电荷密度波(CDW)系统中金属杂质对电荷密度波的影响；发展出了二维熔化过程的定量计算方法。(2) 研究了高温Bi系超导体中磁通晶格的结构及超导材料的面缺陷，点缺陷和人为产生的柱状缺陷对磁通的影响。对理解高温超导中的磁通钉扎和寻找提高高温超导体的临界电流密度的途径具有重要意义(3) 与当时在哈佛大学访问的清华大学范守善教授合作发展出了利用碳纳米管制备碳化物纳米棒的技术。研究结果为一维纳米碳化物材料的合成提供了一条有效的途径，发表在《Nature》杂志，在纳米科学领域产生了很大影响。 (4) 在国际上首次实现了对单根碳纳米管电学性质进行实验测量，发展出了利用导电AFM测量单根碳纳米管电导的技术，为解决纳米尺度输运性质测量这一难题提供了一条途径，同时为AFM开辟了新的功能。发表在《Science》杂志。 (5) 发展了利用单根碳纳米管作为AFM探针的技术，解决了AFM针尖易损坏的的问题。同时可大大提高AFM垂直方向探测深度。研究结果发表在《Nature》杂志。研究结果还有可能扩展到其它一维纳米材料，对扫描探针显微镜在科学和技术领域应用产生革命性的影响。 (6) 发展出了提纯和切断单壁碳纳米管的技术，可把单壁管切割成所希望的长度，获得类似于大的富勒烯分子的单壁碳纳米管。研究结果发表在《Science》杂志 (7) 首次用四点法测量了单壁碳纳米管的输运性质。发现单壁碳纳米管的输运行为象完美的量子线。为单壁碳纳米管的理论研究和应用研究提供了重要依据。文章发表在《Nature》杂志，并被选为该期自然杂志的封面。代表性文章：1，Jing Kong, Hyongsok T. Soh, Alan Cassell, Calvin F. Quate, Hongjie Dai. DSynthesis of Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Patterned Silicon Wafers‖ Nature 395, 878, 1998.2
Shoushan Fan, Michael Chapline, Nathan Franklin, Thomas Tombler, A. Cassell, Hongjie Dai. DSelf-Oriented Regular Arrays of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Functional Devices‖ Science 283, 512, 1999.3
Thomas Tombler, Chongwu Zhou, Leo Alexeyev, Jing Kong, Hongjie Dai, W Liu, C Jayanthi, M Tang, S Y Wu. DReversible Nanotube Electro-mechanical Characteristics Under Local Probe Manipulation‖ Nature 405, 769, 2000.4
Chongwu Zhou, Jing Kong, Erhan Yenilmez, Hongjie Dai. DModulated Chemical Doping of Individual Carbon Nanotubes‖ Science 290, . 5
Ali Javey, Jing Guo, Qian Wang, Mark Lundstrom, Hongjie Dai. DBallistic Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors‖ Nature, 424, .6
Guangyu Zhang, Pengfei Qi, Xinran Wang, Yuerui Lu, Xiaolin Li, Ryan Tu, Sarunya Bangsaruntip, David Mann, Li Zhang, Hongjie Dai. &Selective Etching of Metallic Carbon Nanotubes by Gas-Phase Reaction& Science 314, 974-977, 10 November 2006.7
Xiaolin Li, Xinran Wang, Li Zhang, Sangwon Lee, Hongjie Dai. DChemically Derived, Ultrasmooth Graphene Nanoribbon Semiconductors‖ Science 319, , 29 February 2008.8
Liying Jiao, Li Zhang, Xinran Wang, Georgi Diankov, and Hongjie Dai. DNarrow graphene nanoribbons from carbon nanotubes,‖ Nature 458, 877-880, 2009.9
Xinran Wang, Xiaolin Li, Li Zhang, Youngki Yoon, Peter K. Weber, Hailiang Wang, Jing Guo, and Hongjie Dai. &N-Doping of Graphene Through Electrothermal Reactions with Ammonia,& Science 324 (5928), 768 - 771, 2009.傅恒志 傅恒志院士 傅恒志，男，1929年生，汉族。材料及冶金专家。河南省开封市人，包含各类专业文献、幼儿教育、小学教育、中学教育、外语学习资料、专业论文、各类资格考试、国内外材料领域的牛人54等内容。　
　国内外纳米界牛人_材料科学_工程科技_专业资料。国内外纳米界牛人姓名...基于 同样标准遴选的“顶尖一百”材料科学学家榜单中,杨培东 名列第一位。 ... 　姓 名 教授 材料科学与工 程 研究生 燕山大学 xyzh66@ysu. 性 ...国内外材料领域的牛人 84页 1下载券 高分子材料专家牛人 4页 免费喜欢... 　高分子材料专家牛人_总结/汇报_应用文书。高分子院士(健在的) (按地域从北向南...(北 化所) 高分子领域著名期刊美国化学会 Macromolecules 的顾问编委(国内教 授... 　有关介孔材料的牛人课题组信息及相关文献 A mesoporous material is a material ...Pd2+ Using Thiol-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica 介孔分子筛在色谱中的应用 ... 　国内外干细胞牛人简介_生物学_自然科学_专业资料。介绍了国内外在干细胞领域有影响...长期致力于骨科临床和基础研究, 在利用间充 质干细胞结合生物材料治疗骨损伤方... 　三大牛人看外国文献的方法_自然科学_专业资料。看看国外...5.如何读材料及试验: 当你文献看多了以后, 这...同时里面往往会提到国内外在本领域做得比较好 的几... 　光催化国内牛人简介_能源/化工_工程科技_专业资料。光催化国内大牛们,亲们知道不...特别是在光催化领域中带领她的研究室在光催化材料的设计,制备、表征、以及 在... 　国内十七位高分子牛人_工学_高等教育_教育专区。高分子材料 卓禧仁,男,1931 ...曹镛教授一直在 该研究领域前沿从事创造性研究工作, 取得了一系列高水平科研成果... 　国内外钛及钛合金材料技术现状、展望与建议邹建新 (攀枝花学院, 攀枝花, 摘要 ...和清华大学材料专业, 硕士,副教授,高级工程师,主要从事钛原材料领域的综合利用...Associated material
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Research article
Current manufactured cigarette smoking and roll-your-own cigarette smoking in Thailand: findings from the 2009 Global Adult Tobacco Survey
Sarunya Benjakul, Lakkhana Termsirikulchai, Jason Hsia*, Mondha Kengganpanich, Hataichanok Puckcharern, Chitrlada Touchchai, Areerat Lohtongmongkol, Linda Andes and Samira Asma
Corresponding author:
Bureau of Tobacco Control, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
Faculty of School of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
National Statistical Office, Bangkok, Thailand
For all author emails, please .
BMC Public Health 2013, 13:277&
doi:10.58-13-277
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at:
Received:1 July 2012
Accepted:19 March 2013
Published:27 March 2013
& 2013 Benjakul et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Background
Current smoking prevalence in Thailand decreased from 1991 to 2004 and since that
time the prevalence has remained flat. It has been suggested that one of the reasons
that the prevalence of current smoking in Thailand has stopped decreasing is due to
the use of RYO cigarettes. The aim of this study was to examine characteristics of
users of manufactured and RYO cigarettes and dual users in Thailand, in order to determine
whether there are differences in the characteristics of users of the different products.
The 2009 Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS Thailand) provides detailed information
on current smoking patterns. GATS Thailand used a nationally and regionally representative
probability sample of 20,566 adults (ages 15 years and above) who were chosen through
stratified three-stage cluster sampling and then interviewed face-to-face.
The prevalence of current smoking among Thai adults was 45.6% for men and 3.1% for
women. In all, 18.4% of men and 1.0% of women were current users of manufactured cigarettes
only, while 15.8% of men and 1.7% of women were current users of RYO cigarettes only.
11.2% of men and 0.1% of women used both RYO and manufactured cigarettes. Users of
manufactured cigarettes were younger and users of RYO were older. RYO smokers were
more likely to live in rural areas. Smokers of manufactured cigarettes appeared to
be more knowledgeable about the health risks of tobacco use. However, the difference
was confounded wi when demographic variables were controlled,
the knowledge differences no longer remained. Smokers of manufactured cigarettes were
more likely than dual users and those who used only RYO to report that they were planning
on quitting in the next month. Users of RYO only appeared to be more addicted than
the other two groups as measured by time to first cigarette.
Conclusions
There appears to be a need for product targeted cessation and prevention efforts that
are directed toward specific population subgroups in Thailand and include information
on manufactured and RYO cigarettes.
Keywords: T Man Roll-your-own cigarettes (RYO); Prevalence of current smokingBackground
In Thailand, more than 20 years of tobacco control regulations and laws [,], may have contributed, at least in part to decreasing the prevalence of smoking and
exposure to secondhand smoke []. There has been a reduction in the prevalence of current smoking among men from 59.3%
in 1991 to 41.7% in 2007 [], while the prevalence among women has continued to remain low. However, there does
not appear to have been any substantial decrease in preval current
smoking among male adults in 2009 still remains relatively high at 40.5% [].
Sangthong et al. [] reported that the prevalence of current smoking in Thailand decreased from 1991 to
2004 and subsequently has remained flat. During this period, the rate of decline in
the prevalence of manufactured cigarette smoking decreased later in the period. However,
the prevalence of roll-your-own (RYO) cigarette smoking has remained flat since 1996.
Young et al. [] compared cigarette smokers in Thailand and in Malaysia in 2005, and found that many
factors may play a role in tobacco use including taxation, and socio-cultural and
economic factors, which may not act independently. “Economic motives are obviously
extremely important, because RYO cigarettes are typically less expensive than FM (factory
manufactured, added by the current authors) cigarettes and serve as a “discount” option
for smokers” (Young et al. []). They also reported that any RYO use was associated with living in rural areas,
older average age, lower level of education, being male, not working for pay, greater
social acceptability of smoking, and attitudes toward tobacco regulation.
One of the purposes of this study was to provide an update of the information presented
by Young et al. []. The stability of the findings is important given differences in the time period,
sampling strategies and question wording. We were interested in determining whether
similar patterns related to the demographic variables emerged after 4 years.
1. What is the prevalence of current tobacco use for males and females by type of
cigarettes (manufactured vs RYO)? Do many people use both types of products (dual
2. Are there differences in current use by age, by geographic location, by socio-economic
3. Are there differences in knowledge, addiction, and in desire to quit among different
groups of users?
From 2008 to 2010, 14 countries, most of them being either low or middle income with
a heavy burden of tobacco use and highly populated, conducted the Global Adult Tobacco
Survey (GATS) to monitor tobacco use in their countries and the changes driven by
policies enacted in those nations []. Selected as one of the 14 countries, Thailand conducted GATS in 2009 [,]. To ensure useful comparisons across the 14 countries, the survey followed the standard
GATS protocol.
The target population was noninstitutionalized residents, in Thailand, aged 15 years
or above (defined as adults in the current study), and the sample was a nationally
and regionally representative probability sample. A stratified three-stage cluster
sampling design was used with the strata being five geographic regions: the Bangkok
metropolitan area and the North, Northeast, Central, and South regions of Thailand
which were further stratified into urban and rural areas. The sampling frame used
was supplied by the National Statistical Office (NSO), derived from Thailand’s National
Population and Housing Census 2000 []. Primary sampling units (PSUs) were blocks in urban areas and villages in rural areas
and were randomly selected, in the first stage, using selection probability proportional
to size sampling. In the second stage, 16 and 28 households were randomly chosen from
the previously selected urban or rural PSUs, respectively, using simple systematic
sampling. In the third stage, a face-to-face screening interview was used at each
randomly selected household, in which a list of all eligible individuals in the household
was drawn up and one person from the list was randomly selected to participate in
the interview, using an algorithm of simple random sampling on the handheld device
designed for data collection. If the respondent was not available, the interviewer
would schedule another appointment to interview. Three attempts were made before the
individual was considered a nonrespondent. If a residence was found to be empty, it
was decla if a selected respondent refused to participate, the
individual was considered to be a nonrespondent.
All interviewees were informed that they could stop the survey and the response was
confidential. Interviewers were selected by provincial statistical offices (PSO) and
were only responsible for their own province, with supervisors from corresponding
PSOs. Both interviewers and supervisors had experience on national health related
surveys fieldwork. All of them had at least a Bachelor’s degree in education. There
were 2 interviewers/supervisors - training sessions using the same trainers with technical
support from CDC and WHO experts.
The interview was conducted in th while other members of the
household could be present, they were instructed to remain silent during the interview.
No proxy responding was allowed and no incentives were provided for participation.
For the questionnaire interview (average duration was 19.1 minutes, SD = 7.6 minutes),
the trained interviewers used personal digital assistants (PDAs) to collect data.
The fieldwork started on February 1, 2009, and was completed on May 31 of the same
The questionnaire included information on demographics (age, gender, education, income);
use of smoking tobacco and
cessation attempts and interest in
exposure purchase of cigarettes during the last 30
exposure to media that provided information on smokin questions
about pictorial warning labels on manufactured cigarette packs, and knowledge, attitudes,
and perceptions about tobacco use. Some questions were added by the Thailand GATS
working group and reviewed by the Thailand GATS expert committee []. GATS protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Public Health,
Mahidol University.
Definition of variables
Used as an indicator of socioeconomic status, total personal income was grouped as
low (less than 4,780 baht or less than 140.6 USD per month), middle (4,780 to 7,000
baht or 140.6 to 205.9 USD per month), and high (7,001 baht or higher or 206.0 USD
or higher per month). Education was grouped into none or less than primary school,
primary school, secondary school and university and above. RYO cigarettes, also known
as hand-rolled cigarettes are referred to the cigarettes made by hand using shredded
tobacco and papers. Current smoking was defined as responding yes to a question about
smoking daily or less than daily. Whether smoking can cause seven well proved diseases,
including stroke, heart stack, lung cancer, mouth cancer, larynx cancer, impotence,
emphysema, was used as information to assess the extent of participants knowledge
of health effects. A knowledge score, defined as the total number of the seven knowledge
items answered correctly, was used as a summary measure of knowledge.
The data were reviewed for inconsistencies and out of range responses, edited, and
weighted, using the complex survey analysis module of SPSS Version 18. Weights were
computed as a product of three components: base weight, which was an inverse of the
final probability of selection, adjustment for nonresponse at both the household and
individual level, and post-stratification adjustment based on residence (urban or
rural), age, and gender from the 2008 population projection for Thailand. A two sample
test was used for pair comparison of prevalence among different group of users at
statistically significant level of p & 0.05. Analyses of knowledge, addiction, and
quitting, as well as multivariate analysis, were carried out for men only, because
the levels of use of the tobacco products among females were too low for reliable
analyses. Multivariate analyses, taking the complex sample design into account, used
logistic regression models to see if the type of cigarettes smoked (manufactured cigarette
only, RYO only and dual use) was associated with age, education, income, residence,
and region. These variables were selected because of previous studies that have shown
these variables to be related to tobacco use and the use of RYO. In the multivariate
models, we determined the relationship of one variable while controlling for the effects
of the others. The test for importance of a factor was carried out by a comparison
of the full model with all factors and a reduced model where the factor of interest
was excluded.
A total of 20,566 people aged 15 and over were surveyed in Bangkok and in the four
regions of Thailand: North, Northeast, Central and South. The household-level response
rate was 97.9%, the individual-level response rate was 96.2%, and the overall response
rate, a product of household response rate and individual response rate, was 94.2%.
Each of the four non-Bangkok regions had high response rates, with at least 95.1%
overall, at least 98.4% at the household level, and at least 96.2% at the individual
level. The response rate in the Bangkok metropolitan area was 94.6% at the household
level, 90.0% at the individual level, and 85.1% overall.
Prevalence of smoking of tobacco products
The prevalence of current smoking for all tobacco products (data not shown) was 45.6%
among men and 3.1% among women. Although a variety of tobacco products were used including
smokeless tobacco, pipes, cigars, and water pipes, 86.3% of all current tobacco users
predominantly used two major products, manufactured cigarettes (54.9% of users) and
RYO cigarettes (51.6% of users), and 20.2% of users smoked both (data not shown).
Among smokers of any tobacco products, 40.4% of them smoked manufactured cigarettes
only, 36.6% of them smoked RYO cigarettes only, and 23.4 of them were dual users (40.5%,
34.8%, and 24.7% respectively for men, 35.7%, 60.7%, and 3.6% respectively for women).
As shown in Table , at a population level, 18.4% of men and 1.0% of women were current smokers of manufactured
cigarettes only, while 15.8% of men and 1.7% of women were current smokers of RYO
cigarettes only. For men, 11.2% used both manufactured and RYO. Among women, only
0.1% used both products. Among the dual users, 33.7% of men and 63.0% of women smoked
more RYO cigarettes than did manufactured cigarettes (Table ).
Prevalence (in percent and 95%CI ) of current smoking by classification of product
and demographic characteristics
Demographic variables
There were differences in product use by education and income levels (Table ). Among men who used manufactured cigarettes only, the prevalence of use was highest
in those aged 25–44 years (23.3%). Among men who used RYO cigarettes only, the highest
prevalence was found in those aged 65 years or above (28.6%) for men, with the second
highest prevalence group being those aged 45–64 (21.5%). Among women, the highest
use of RYO cigarettes only was among those aged 45 or above. Dual use for men occurred
most often in those under age 45. For both genders, adults with lower education levels
or with lower incomes were more likely to smoke RYO cigarettes only or use both products
than were those with university education (p & .001 for men and women) or high income
(p & .001 for men and women). In the case of manufactured cigarettes, both men and
women with middle or high income or secondary school or university level of education
were more likely to smoke these products than those with low income (p & .001 for
men and women) and those with primary school or less level of education (p & .001
for men and women). Across regions (Table ), RYO cigarettes were more likely to be smoked in rural than in urban areas (p & .001),
particularly in the South.
Prevalence (in percent and 95% CI) of men’s current smoking by type of product, residence
and region
shows the multivariate analysis of pairwise comparison of three categories of smokers:
manufactured cigarette only, RYO cigarette only, and dual users, with demographic
variables, age, education, income, residence, and region. In the comparison of smokers
between RYO cigarette only and manufactured cigarette only, all five factors studied
were statistically significant. Older age, lower education level, lower income, rural
residence, and living in the South region were associated with being a RYO smoker.
Similarly, in the comparison of smokers between RYO cigarette only and the dual users,
older age, lower education, lower income, and living in the Central and North region,
were associated with being a RYO smoker, while rural residence was not. Finally, in
the comparison between the dual users and manufactured cigarette only, lower education,
lower income, rural residence, living in the South region were associated with being
a dual user, while age was not a significant factor.
Multivariate analysis of type of smokers with demographic variables
presents the results of the univariate analyses. The percent of males who answered
all 7 knowledge questions correctly was calculated, with 57.7% who smoked manufactured
cigarettes only and 49.0% who smoked RYO (p = 0.003). There was no difference between
the dual users and those who used manufactured cigarettes only. After controlling
for age, education, income, residence, and region, we did not find statistically significant
differences between RYO only and manufactured cigarette only smokers (p = .194). A
similar pattern of results was found when the knowledge scores were examined. In the
univariate analysis, those who smoked manufactured cigarettes only had the higher
average knowledge score than those who used RYO only (6.1 vs. 5.5, p & .001). After
controlling for age, education, income, residence, and region, the p-value became
Percentage (95% CI) of men’s daily smokers who have correct knowledge of smoking causing
Addiction and quitting
presents the results of analyses of addition. Time to the first smoking of a cigarette
after waking can be used as an indicator of nicotine dependence. Overall, a higher
percentage of smokers of RYO cigarettes were significantly more likely to report smoking
their first cigarette within 30 minutes after waking up than smokers of manufactured
cigarettes (64.3% vs. 57.6%, p = .018).
Percentage (95% CI) of men daily smokers who smoke within 30 minutes of awakening
by demographic characteristics
As shown in Table , among men, smokers of manufactured cigarettes were more likely to report plans to
quit within the next month than were men who RYO cigarettes (7.8% vs. 4.4% and 4.2%
for dual users p & 0.001), and overall men who smoked RYO were more likely to report
not being interested in quitting than were those who smoked manufactured cigarettes.
A multivariate analysis (not shown) adjusting for age, education, income, residence
and region showed the same pattern (p = .005).
Percentage (95% CI) of men daily smokers who intent to quit smoking by demographic
characteristics
Discussion
In 2009, we found that the prevalence of current smoking among Thai adults was 45.6%
for men and 3.1% for women. In all, 18.4% of men and 1.0% of women were current users
of manufactured cigarettes only, while 15.8% of men and 1.7% of women were current
users of RYO cigarettes only and 11.2% of men and 0.1% of women used both RYO and
manufactured cigarettes. Users of manufactured cigarettes were younger and users of
RYO were older. RYO smokes were also more likely to live in rural areas. When the
demographic variables were controlled, there were no differences between the three
groups of smoking either in the percentage who answered all seven questions correctly
or in total knowledge score. Respondents who smoked only manufactured cigarettes were
more likely than dual users and those who used only RYO to report that they were planning
on quitting in the next month. Users of RYO only appear to be more addicted than the
other two groups as measured by time to first cigarette. These analyses provide recent
estimates than have been reported and present information on knowledge and addiction
that has not been reported in earlier work.
While comparisons with other surveys such as that National Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol
Drinking Survey and the ITC survey can be made, caution should be exercised in that
sampling and question wording differed. However, the findings from this study closely
mirror those from Young et al. [] who found that any RYO use was associated with living in rural areas, older average
age, lower level of education, male gender, not being in paid work, slightly lower
consumption of cigarettes, higher social acceptability of smoking, and positive attitudes
toward tobacco regulation.
The proportion of RYO cigarette smokers is higher in Thailand than in its neighbors,
such Vietnam (1.1%) and China (2.3%) [,]. As Young et al. [] noted there are many factors that may play a role in differences in prevalence in
different countries including cultural, legislative and economic factors.
One important factor in stimulating the decrease in the prevalence of current smoking
in Thailand can be found in the increase in the taxation of manufactured cigarettes
[,]; the excise tax for manufactured cigarettes has increased from 55% in 1992 to 85%
in 2009 []. However, the taxation rate for blended shredded tobacco, which is used in RYO cigarettes,
has remained as low as 500 Thai Baht (approximately 16.5 U.S. dollars, per kilogram
since October 13, 1999), leading to the possibility that some smokers of manufactured
cigarettes may have started smoking more RYO cigarettes and reduced or eliminated
their smoking of manufactured cigarettes.
Since there were differences noted in rural areas and for those with lower education
and income, it may be that more focused education programs should be developed focusing
on RYO smoking. Enhancement of health education programs with information on the harmful
effects of both types of cigarettes may provide much needed information for smokers.
There are some limitations that should be noted about this survey. Questions on reasons
for use of RYO were not included and, therefore, the explanations about economic and
cultural facts are speculative. Given that smoking among women does not appear to
be acceptable, the estimate of prevalence for women may be subject to some misreporting.
Some of the strengths include the rigorous procedures for sampling and interviewing
used in GATS Thailand and the high response rate.
Thailand has implemented comprehensive tobacco control interventions, including educational
campaigns in the media, legislation to ban smoking in public places, increases in
the cigarette excise tax, bans on advertising, and the use of a pictorial warning
labels on manufactured cigarettes. Taken together, these legislative measures may
have changed social norms and perceptions about tobacco use in Thailand. Meanwhile,
lack of comparable policies in the control of RYO cigarettes may be playing a role
in the overall prevalence of smoking in Thailand, diluting the success of existing
Conclusions
There are demographic differences among the three groups of male tobacco users. RYO
smokers are older and more likely to live in rural areas. There appears to be a need
for product targeted cessation and prevention efforts that are directed toward specific
population subgroups in Thailand and include information on manufactured and RYO cigarettes.
In addition, adoption of tobacco control measures for RYO products similar to those
for manufactured cigarettes could be considered.
Competing interest
All authors declare to have no competing interest.
Authors’ contributions
SB and LT supervised the GATS Thailand and critically commented the manuscript. JH
provided technical support for the GATS Thailand, analyzed the data and drafted the
manuscript. MK, CT and AL contributed to the GATS Thailand operation. HP contributed
to the sample design. LA contributed to the data analysis. SA critically reviewed
the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We thank three referees’ for their careful reading of the manuscript and their important
comments and Dr. Linda Pederson for her contributions to the content and revision
of the manuscript. The authors acknowledge Drs. Dhirendra Sinha, Sawat Ramaboot, Prapon
Tangsrikiatkul, Prakit Vathesatogkit, Pongpisut Jougudomsuk, for their support and
guidance, Mrs. Jirawan Boonperm for her support, and all GATS team members in conducting
GATS Thailand.
Funding for the 2009 Global Adult Tobacco Survey Thailand was provided by the Bloomberg
Initiative, Reduce Tobacco Use, a program of Bloomberg Philanthropies.
The findings and conclusions are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent
the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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