Heritability and adaptive significance of the number of egg-dummies...
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2011 Aug 7;278(-24. doi: 10.1098/rspb.. Epub
2011 Jan 5.Heritability and adaptive significance of the number of egg-dummies in the cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni.1, .1Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.AbstractCichlid fishes are a textbook example of rapid speciation and exuberant diversity--this applies especially to haplochromines, a lineage with approximately 1800 species. Haplochromine males uniquely possess oval, bright spots on their anal fin, called 'egg-spots' or 'egg-dummies'. These are presumed to be an evolutionary key innovation that contributed to the tribe's evolutionary success. Egg-spots have been proposed to mimic the ova of the mouthbrooding females of the corresponding species, contribute to fertilization success and even facilitate species recognition. Interestingly, egg-spot number varies extensively not only between species, but also within some populations. This high degree of intraspecific variation may appear to be counterintuitive since selection might be expected to act to stabilize traits that are correlated with fitness measures. We addressed this 'paradox' experimentally, and found that in the haplochromine cichlid Astatotilapia burtoni, the number of egg-spots was related to male age, body condition and dominance status. Intriguingly, the egg-spot number also had a high heritable component (narrow sense heritability of 0.5). These results suggest that the function of egg-spots might have less to do with fertilization success or species recognition, but rather relate to mate choice and/or male-male competition, helping to explain the high variability in this important trait.PMID:
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID: PMC3119019 Male A. burtoni and a close-up of his anal fin with egg-spots. A 1 mm grid on the background provides a scale for assessing the size of the egg-spots.Proc Biol Sci. 2011 August 7;278(-2324.The number of egg-spots at the beginning of a study period subtracted from the egg-spot number at the end of the period. The numbers of egg-spots have increased over time in all instances.Proc Biol Sci. 2011 August 7;278(-2324.The number of egg-spots of the subdominant male(s) subtracted from the egg-spot number of the dominant male. Positive values indicate that the males with more egg-spots dominated males with fewer spots.Proc Biol Sci. 2011 August 7;278(-2324.The relationship between the number of egg-spots of fathers and their sons based on mean offspring values (± s.e.) over 14 families.Proc Biol Sci. 2011 August 7;278(-2324.Publication TypesMeSH TermsFull Text SourcesOther Literature Sources
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Nepenthes rafflesiana
Nepenthes hookeriana
Low (1848)
Nepenthes kookeriana
Low ex Becc. (1886)
Nepenthes nigropurpurea
(Mast.) Mast. (1882)
Nepenthes raflesea
Rafarin (1869)
Nepenthes sanderi
Hort. (1908)
Nepenthes sanderiana
Burb. (1904)
Nepenthes rafflesiana
auct. non Jack: Low (1848)
Nepenthes rafflesiana
auct. non Jack: Hook.f. (1873)
[=N. rafflesiana/]
Nepenthes rafflesiana
auct. non Jack: Haberl. (1893)
萊佛士豬籠草:63-64（：Nepenthes rafflesiana）得名於。其分布極為廣泛，包括、、和。已描述的萊佛士豬籠草的變型和變種是中最多的。僅在婆羅洲就至少有3種不同的。萊佛士豬籠草的巨型變型的捕蟲籠大小可與（N. rajah）相媲美。
左：1872年，《》中萊佛士豬籠草英國種植植株的插圖。
右：1847年，《》中所作的萊佛士豬籠草的插圖。
1819年，威廉·傑克博士（Dr. William Jack）發現了萊佛士豬籠。並在《》上刊登了威廉·傑克博士從新加坡寄來的信，他這樣寫道：
來到位於馬六甲海峽附近的群島上，無法想象還有什麼地方能比新加坡更美麗。鏡子般的海面上鑲嵌着覆蓋茂密森林的小島，它們都沐浴在明媚的陽光下……我恰巧看到了斧頭是怎麼做成，還獲得許多有趣的發現，特別是兩種新的豬籠草（萊佛士豬籠草和蘋果豬籠草）。它們的美麗遠超過了其他歐洲已知物種。我對他們進行全面的描述，並畫了兩張配圖。萊佛士爵士十分的着急，他認為我們應該想方設法把我們的發現發表出去。他建議應這些新種寄回國，使得在國內的人也能看到它的美麗，並能引起那邊人們對蘇門答臘植物的重視。
在那時，萊佛士豬籠草是當時所知的豬籠草屬中體型最大的物種。1850年的《園丁與農夫雜誌》（Gardener's and Farmer's Journal）中，對萊佛士豬籠草進行了這樣的描述：
無論誰看到這個植物都一定會想這肯定是植物王國里最令人驚嘆的植物之一。其捕蟲籠令人無法忘記；它是豬籠草屬中最大最宏偉的物種，遠遠超過其他歐洲已知的物種。
萊佛士豬籠草下位籠唇的特寫照
萊佛士豬籠草為。莖可長達15米，直徑可達10毫米。最長達20厘米。最長可超過110厘米。
萊佛士豬籠草的呈球狀，具發達的。下位籠的高度很少超過20厘米，但萊佛士豬籠草的巨型變型的高度也可達35厘米，寬至15厘米。呈漏斗狀，唇的前端凸出。這兩種捕蟲籠都有超過3cm的細長唇頸。
捕蟲籠的顏色豐富，可為暗紫色至幾乎全白。萊佛士豬籠草典型變型的下位籠為淺綠色且帶有紫色斑點，上位籠則為奶油色。
萊佛士豬籠草的為，長16至70厘米。花為紅色或紫色。每個通常只帶一個朵花，偶爾帶兩朵。
幼苗具棕色或白色且容易脫落的長毛，成株則僅在花序上具一些稀疏的棕色短毛，但也可能完全無毛。
萊佛士豬籠草的典型原生地
萊佛士豬籠草為分布廣泛的低地豬籠草。其常見於和，但在和分布局限。在西馬來西亞僅於東南地區分別廣泛，特別是在相當充裕。而在萊佛士豬籠草僅存在於到（Barus）之間的西部海岸。其也分布於周圍一些小型島嶼，包括、、及。
萊佛士豬籠草一般生長於開闊的砂質潮濕地區中。也曾在、次生林、邊緣、石楠林和海邊的懸崖發現過萊佛士豬籠草。其海拔分布範圍為0至1200米或至1500米的地區。
由於萊佛士豬籠草分布廣泛，所以萊佛士豬籠草的捕蟲籠無論是在形狀或顏色方面都存在很大差異。以下為已被描述的萊佛士豬籠草種下類群。其中大部分在現在已被認為是非正式的。原被非正式描述為長萊佛士豬籠草的類群在2011年被描述為（N. baramensis），現被置於（N. hemsleyana）下。
左、中：赫姆斯利豬籠草的下位籠和上位籠，原被稱為長萊佛士豬籠草。
右：萊佛士豬籠草卓越變種的大型下位籠的插圖，其具深紫色條紋，來源於1882年的《》。
Nepenthes rafflesiana f. alba Hort.Westphal (2000)
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. alata
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. ambigua
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. elongata Hort. ex
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. excelsior (Hort.Williams)
(1895) [=( × N. rafflesiana) × N. rafflesiana]
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. glaberrima
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. hookeriana (auct. non : Hort. ex )
(1886) [=]
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. insignis
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. longicirrhosa Tamin &
in M.Hotta (1986)
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. minor
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. nigropurpurea (1882)
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. nivea
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. pallida Hort. ex
(1883) [=( × ) × N. rafflesiana]
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. striata Hort. ex
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. subglandulosa
& Hafiza (2006) [=]
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. typica
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. viridis Hort. ex
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. vittata Lauffenburger (1995)
Nepenthes rafflesiana "glaberrima"
(1880) [=]
萊佛士豬籠草的下位籠，示其具翼的籠蔓
萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型，示其邊緣呈波浪狀的葉片
淺色捕蟲籠萊佛士豬籠草變種的下位籠
萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型（從左至右）：高達30厘米的下位籠；長達110厘米的籠蔓；高約45厘米的上位籠
萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型（N. rafflesiana f. gigantea）存在於西北海岸的一些相互分離的地區，及以西110公里的海濱小鎮（Sematan）。 該變型典型的原生地茂密的石楠森林，特別是植被邊緣的地區。
萊佛士豬籠草巨型的方方面面都比普通的萊佛士豬籠草更大。其莖可攀至15米的高處。葉片長度可達典型變型的2.5倍。下位籠可高達35厘米，寬至15厘米，容積可達到1升。其捕蟲籠的顏色多種多樣，可為白底紅斑至深紫色。上位籠可能為全綠或帶斑點。也很巨大，可長達1米。可達1.5厘米，具暗紅色的。
除了大小之外，萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型的發育中葉片也與典型變型不同，其葉片具 深紅棕色光澤。人工種植的萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型也具有這樣的特徵，所以其並非由特殊的環境因素造成的。
曾記錄到野外的萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型捕獲老鼠。
萊佛士豬籠草與、和之間存在着密切的近緣關係。
2001年，對來自和的豬籠草進行了分析，共利用了70個形態特徵。萊佛士豬籠草被歸入「第5分支」。其中蘇門答臘豬籠草與萊佛士豬籠草的相關性達58%。貝卡利豬籠草未被包括在該研究中。貝卡利豬籠草未被包含於該研究中。
萊佛士豬籠草
萊佛士豬籠草與的主要區別在於其下位籠唇的結構不同。蘇門答臘豬籠草下位籠的唇齒不明顯，而萊佛士豬籠草反之。萊佛士豬籠草具細長的唇頸，而蘇門答臘豬籠草則無。蘇門答臘豬籠草的下位籠通體為卵形，而萊佛士豬籠草下位籠的上半部為圓柱形。此外，蘇門答臘豬籠草的葉片較窄，具棕色短毛。
 × N. rafflesiana
 × N. rafflesiana [=]
? ( × N. rafflesiana) ×  [= × ]
 × N. rafflesiana
? ( × N. rafflesiana) × 
 × N. rafflesiana
 × N. rafflesiana
× N. rafflesiana
 × N. rafflesiana（包括N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana）:87
N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana
N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana
N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana
N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana
威廉·傑克博士刊登於《》上信件的原文：
It is impossible to conceive anything more beautiful than the approach to Singapore, through the Archipelago of islands that lie at the extremity of the Straits of Malacca. Seas of glass wind among innumerable islets, clothed in all the luxuriance of tropical vegetation and basking in the full brilliance of a tropical sky... I have just arrived in time to explore the woods before they yield to the axe, and have made many interesting discoveries, particularly of two new and splendid species of pitcher-plant [Nepenthes rafflesiana and Nepenthes ampullaria], far surpassing any yet known in Europe. I have completed two perfect drawings of them with ample descriptions. Sir S. Raffles is anxious that we should give publicity to our researches in one way or other and has planned bringing out something at Bencoolen. He proposes sending home these pitcher-plants that such splendid things may appear under all the advantages of elegant execution, by way of attracting attention to the subject of Sumatran botany.
1850年的《園丁與農夫雜誌》中對萊佛士豬籠草描述的原文：
Whoever has seen this plant in a living state must undoubted be constrained to consider it as one of the most astonishing productions of the whole vegetable kingdom. The resemblance that a portion of it bears to our more familiar domestic utensils leaves a lasting impression on the minds of spectators that is n it is the largest and most magnificent of the genus, far surpassing any hitherto known in Europe.
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（法文） Gaume, L. N.d. . [videos] UMR AMAP.
中有關的多媒體資源
中有關的分類資訊
 英語中與本條目相關的原始文獻：
N. adnata
N. abgracilis
N. abalata
N. alata
N. alba
N. albomarginata
N. alzapan
N. ampullaria
N. andamana
N. angasanensis
N. appendiculata
N. argentii
N. aristolochioides
N. attenboroughii
N. beccariana
N. bellii
N. benstonei
N. bicalcarata
N. bokorensis
N. bongso
N. boschiana
N. burbidgeae
N. burkei
N. campanulata
N. ceciliae
N. chang
N. chaniana
N. cid
N. clipeata
N. copelandii
N. danseri
N. deaniana
N. densiflora
N. diatas
N. distillatoria
N. dubia
N. edwardsiana
N. ephippiata
N. epiphytica
N. eustachya
N. extincta
N. eymae
N. faizaliana
N. flava
N. fusca
N. gantungensis
N. glabrata
N. glandulifera
N. graciliflora
N. gracilis
N. gracillima
N. gymnamphora
N. hamata
N. hamiguitanensis
N. hemsleyana
N. hirsuta
N. hispida
N. holdeni
N. hurrelliana
N. inermis
N. insignis
N. izumiae
N. jacquelineae
N. jamban
N. junghuhnii
N. kampotiana
N. kerrii
N. khasiana
N. kitanglad
N. klossii
N. kongkandana
N. kurata
N. lamii
N. lavicola
N. leonardoi
N. leyte
N. lingulata
N. longifolia
N. lowii
N. macfarlanei
N. macrophylla
N. macrovulgaris
N. madagascariensis
N. mantalingajanensis
N. mapuluensis
N. masoalensis
N. maxima
N. merrilliana
N. micramphora
N. mikei
N. mindanaoensis
N. mira
N. mirabilis
萊佛士豬籠草
N. mollis
N. monticola
N. muluensis
N. murudensis
N. naga
N. negros
N. neoguineensis
N. nigra
N. northiana
N. ovata
N. palawanensis
N. paniculata
N. papuana
N. peltata
N. pervillei
N. petiolata
N. philippinensis
N. pilosa
N. pitopangii
N. platychila
N. pulchra
N. rafflesiana
N. rajah
N. ramispina
N. ramos
N. reinwardtiana
N. rhombicaulis
N. rigidifolia
N. robcantleyi
N. rowanae
N. samar
N. sanguinea
N. saranganiensis
N. sibuyanensis
N. singalana
N. smilesii
N. spathulata
N. spectabilis
N. stenophylla
N. sumatrana
N. suratensis
N. surigaoensis
N. talangensis
N. tenax
N. tentaculata
N. tenuis
N. thai
N. thorelii
N. tobaica
N. tomoriana
N. treubiana
N. truncata
N. undulatifolia
N. ultra
N. veitchii
N. ventricosa
N. vieillardii
N. villosa
N. viridis
N. vogelii
N. × alisaputrana
N. × bauensis
N. × cantleyi
N. × cincta
N. × ferrugineomarginata
N. × harryana
N. × hookeriana
N. × kinabaluensis
N. × kuchingensis
N. × merrilliata
N. × mirabilata
N. × pangulubauensis
N. × pyriformis
N. × sarawakiensis
N. × sharifah-hapsahii
N. × trichocarpa
N. × truncalata
N. × trusmadiensis
N. × tsangoya
N. × ventrata
：隱藏分類：