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你可能喜欢Natural Standard& Patient Monograph, Copyright & 2015 (). All Rights Reserved. Commercial distribution prohibited. This monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. You should consult with a qualified healthcare provider before making decisions about therapies and/or health conditions.BackgroundSoy is a subtropical plant, native to southeastern Asia. This member of the pea family grows from one to five-feet tall and forms clusters of three to five pods, each containing two to four beans per pod. Soy has been a dietary staple in Asian countries for at least 5,000 years, and during the Chou dynasty in China ( B.C.), fermentation techniques were discovered that allowed soy to be prepared in more easily digestible forms such as tempeh, miso, and tamari soy sauce. Tofu was invented in 2nd-Century China.
Soy was introduced to Europe in the 1700s and to the United States in the 1800s. Large-scale soybean cultivation began in the United States during World War II. Currently, Midwestern U.S. states produce approximately half of the world's supply of soybeans.
Soy contains protein, isoflavones, and fiber, all thought to provide health benefits. Soy is an excellent source of dietary protein, including all essential amino acids. Soy is also a source of lecithin or phospholipid. Soy isoflavones and lecithin have been studied scientifically for numerous health conditions. Isoflavones such as genistein are believed to have estrogen-like effects in the body, and as a result are sometimes called "phytoestrogens."
Common sources of soy isoflavones include roasted soybean, green soybean, soy flour, tempeh, tofu, tofu yogurt, soy hot dogs, miso, soy butter, soy nut butter, soy ice cream, soy milk, soy yogurt, tofu pups(R), soy cheese, bean curd, seitan, and soy noodles. Soybean flour is found in Spanish sausage products (chorizo, salchichon, mortadella, and boiled ham), doughnuts, and soup stock cubes. Although processed soy foods (e.g., veggie burgers, tofu pups(R), meatless dinner entrees, chicken-free nuggets, soy "ice creams" and energy bars) are usually high in protein, they typically contain lower levels of isoflavones.
Soy protein has also been investigated for benefit in terms of heart disease risk factors, reducing menopausal symptoms, weight loss, arthritis, brain function, and exercise performance. Dietary soy may decrease the risk of breast cancer in women and prostate cancer in men, as well as other types of cancers. In general, the supportive evidence for use of phytoestrogens as treatments for menopause, heart disease, bone disease, weight loss, and cancer is limited. The use of soy formula has been investigated in the treatment of diarrhea in infants and is an effective and safe alternative to cow's milk formula in most infants.
This evidence-based monograph was prepared by The Natural Standard Research Collaboration
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Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. All rights reserved.素食常见问题 (IVU FAQ) - 特殊食物 (中文GB码)
国际素食联盟 (IVU)
素食常见问题
什么是味噌（又称日本豆面酱或面豉酱，为方便统称味噌）？
味噌是由发酵过的大豆（黄豆）制成，主要为糊状。是一种调味料，也被用作为汤底。
贮藏味噌的方法：黑味噌如八丁味噌（hatcho miso）或赤味噌（red miso），可以在不冷藏的情况下保存一段时间，尤其是三年味噌。
但这类冷藏也无妨，如果是甜味噌如黄（yellow），醇白（mellow white），甘白（sweet white）等不冷藏便无法保存。
另外，如果味噌经过低温杀菌就要冷藏。警告！一些日本牌子的味噌含有鱼高汤！
营养价值/每茶匙：
卡路里36 g. 蛋白质2 g. 碳水化合物 5 g. 脂肪 4 g. 钠629 mg.(出自"Food Values of Portions Commonly Used")
什么是豆腐?
豆腐是由减去水份的豆浆凝固制成(与把牛奶制成芝士的方法相似)。本来的味道清淡，却有吸收其它材料的味道的天然特性，所以又被称为厨房的变色龙。他有多的种类，由软的到特硬的都有。
软豆腐经常被当成在糕饼上的糖霜混合物，蔬菜、薯条的沾酱，而硬豆腐则由于不易改变形状而经常被用在炒或汤类的菜式当中。
在很多食谱中都显示冷藏豆腐与碎牛肉（ground beef）是很好的配搭。豆腐主要是放在冷藏柜，靠近蔬菜或牛奶的地方。
什么是Seitan？
（译注：Seitan原为日文，日文为せいたん，外表跟肉十分相似，是日本精进料理中的一种素肉，以大豆和谷物发酵而成，无正式的中文名称，有一说法称在中国它被称为"kofu"，这儿提及的Seitan，虽然名字一样，但应该与日本的せいたん不一样。）
Seitan是一种小麦面筋，含丰富的蛋白质，低脂，不含胆固醇（当然，所有素食都不不含胆固醇），大部分健康食品店/有机食品杂货店的冷藏柜内都有这种产品，一般放在豆腐附近而且通常放在类似牛油盒的小盒内。主要为褐色，1/4至1/2英寸厚。
Seitan是由全麦面粉与水混和捏制而成。面团经过简单的漂净和混合来把麸和淀粉质去掉，直到得到面筋，经热水煮过后，具黏性的面团被成为"KOFU"，可被加工成多种不同的食品。其中一种就是Seitan，KOFU需要以有昆布，水和溜（たまり）酱油（Tamari soy sauce）的汤底来炖才能变成Seitan。
Seitan可以用来作三文治，或甜酸Seitan，炒Seitan，索尔斯堡Seitan（salisbury seitan）等等。在家可以用刮子（scratch）或商业用的搅拌机（commercially available mix）来制作。有些公司提供素食的Seitan产品，如Ivy foods的Meat of Wheat。
什么是tahini（芝麻酱）?
来自一个美国读者的消息:
这是一种用芝麻做成的"牛油"，类似花生酱。
什么是 tempeh（印尼霉大豆，天贝，丹贝，天培，卤印尼豆腐，印尼黄豆饼，印尼豆豉）?
Tempeh 是一种象肉类的发酵的黄豆产品。可以用在烧烤菜式，味道较豆腐浓。
什么是结构性植物蛋白（TVP）?
结构性植物蛋白（TVP）是一种像肉的物质，用来提高食物的营养，但却不损其风味。TVP经常含有"脱脂"大豆粉，故十分低脂。它经常作为代替肉类的混合物出售，在大部分的健康食品店中一盒盒的出售。由于经过脱水，使用前需经过浸水（re-hydration）。TVP可含有颇高的脂肪，所以请查明标签，如果脱脂"大豆粉的话便是低脂。
在美国有没有邮购公司售卖素食酱料（如素蚝油）？
来自加利福尼亚的读者：
我自东方的街市购买素食酱料（如素蚝油）。那列东方的街市名叫" 99 ranch market". 大部份都在加利福尼亚。那儿有各种素肉，如素火腿，鸡翼（大豆制），素酱油，素方便面等食物。质量好价钱也合理。
来自中国的读者：
May wah Health Vegetarian Food Inc.
213 Hester street, New York, N.Y.10013 U.S.A.
TEL:(212)334-4428 FAX:(212)-3344423
什么是（食用酵母）营养酵母? / 哪一种含有维生素B12？
（食用酵母）营养酵母是一种食物酵母，在糖蜜溶液中生长，为粉状或薄片状。有着宜人的味道和干酪的味道，可作为佐料直接用在蔬菜，烤薯，粟米片或其它食物上。它与啤酒酵母或圆酵母不同。对敏感的人而言，它比其它其它酵母更常被使用。
酵母不是动物！它是一种真菌！即使它们不含叶绿素，它们也一度被当做植物，但现在它们被当成独立的区系界。
Ms. Carlyee Hammer 在Universal Products (the parent company of Red Star, 414-935-3910) 指出只有一种Red Star 酵母 (产品号码 T-6635+)证实含有8 ug/g的维生素B12。
Ms. Carlyee 同时声称其它品种的营养酵母含有的维生素B12少于1 ug/g,但这是否可靠还是不能确定，因为这由微生物分析试样确定。由于交叉反应的问题，维生素B12的微生物分析试样都不再被认为是可靠的。
从上述二段,可得出不论是Red StarT-6635+ 营养酵母, 或其它品种, 此时都不是B12 的一个可靠的饮食来源的结论。
邮购食品渠道
Foods of IndiaSinha Trading Co. Inc.120 Lexington Ave, New
York, NY 1002, USAPhone: 212-683-4419
Garden Spot DistributersRoute 1 Box 729A, New Hollare, PS 17557,
USA.Phone: 800-829-5100(bulk foods, speciality items)
Harvest DirectPO Box 4514, Decateur, IL 62525, USA.Phone:
800-8flavor(TVP, Sauces, Herbs, Mixes)
The Mail Order CatalogP.O. Box 180, Summertown, TN 38483,
USA.Phone: 800-695-2241or 615-964-2241 or email
catalog@use.usit.net(Cookbooks, TVP, Instant Gluten Flour, Nutritional
Soyfoods Center CatalogPO Box 234, Lafayette, CA 94549,
USA.Phone: 415-283-2991
Walnut AcresPenns Creek, PA 17862, USAPhone:
800-433-3998(Organic foods, kitchenware, pantry items)
Rainbow Natural Foods1487 Richmond Road,Ottawa, Ontario K2B
6R9, CanadaPhone: 613-726-9200
Paradise Farm Organics1000 Wild Iris LaneMoscow, Idaho 83843,
USA1-800-758-2418
EarthSavePhone: 1-800-362-3648
Vegan-VersandFriedrich Ebert Str. 2255286
W鰎rstadtGermanyPhone: (+49) (0)Fax: (+49)
(0)Email: service@veganshop.de
VEGAN-SHOPHoehenstr. 5060385 Frankfurt, GermanyPhone: (+49)
(0)69-440989