什么是termpaper包括哪些内容_百度知道
什么是termpaper包括哪些内容
怎么写termpaper
termpape就是“学期报告”示例：Termpaper for the Course of TranslationComputer Translation of Homonymy and Polysemy In this paper, I want to discuss computer translation from the perspective of its treatment to homonymy and polysemy. The term homonymy is used when one form has two or more unrelated meanings. Examples of homonyms are the pair bank (of a river)—bank (financial institution). The term polysemy refers to a word with related meanings. For instance, the word “head” can be used to describe the object on the top of the body, that on top of a glass of beer, or the chief of a department of a company. First, I will explain the importance of the treatment to homonymy and polysemy in translation from Sociosemiotic theories. The study of meaning plays an essential role in the school of Sociosemiotics. Meaning is defined from the angle of the relationship between the sign and something out it, in other words, the attribute of the sign or the symbol. Moreover, the relationship is classified into that between signs and entities, between signs and users, and between signs themselves, giving rise to three kinds of meanings: referential meaning, pragmatic meaning and intralingual meaning. Referential meaning serves as the foundation of translation. Without correct identification of referential meaning, translation will either be built on sand or turn into the castle in the air. The school of Sociosemiotics attaches great importance to the realization of meaning potentials. The correct reference is a must for this process of realization. Almost every noun has its referential meaning, but as a special group of nouns, homonymy and polysemy pose special difficulty in finding out their referential meanings. As explained at the beginning, homonymy and polysemy both have a number of meanings, related or unrelated. Therefore in translation, the translator is faced with the immediate problem of identifying the correct reference within the context. In other words, he has to carry out the job of disambiguation. This is the same in computer translation. Sadly, important as the problem may be, it seems to be overlooked. The testing guideline for machine translation, detailed enough to include a classification of the plural forms of nouns, excludes the test of polysemy and homonymy. It is of great importance for us to examine how computers deal with this problem, no matter how difficult it may prove to be. In order to have a clear idea of the difficulty of computer in handling this problem, we need to first look into the process of how human beings resolve this problem. Human beings can clear away this kind of ambiguity by resorting to his cognitive abilities. Theoretically, the process of disambiguation goes through the following three steps. I will take “bank” as an example to illustrate how the hearer can clarify the ambiguity due to its feature of homonymy. Suppose two friends run into each other near a river. One says, “the bank is beautiful.” How does the hearer interpret the reference of “bank”? First, he resorts to the physical surrounding and the reference of riverbank immediately comes to mind. In this way, the ambiguity is removed. Suppose two friends are in a dormitory chatting. One says, “the bank is beautiful.” How can the hearer interpret this word without any hint from physical surrounding? In this case, he has to trace this word back to his working memory, and then it occurs to his that they met each other on the riverbank the day before. Therefore, he realizes that the speaker must be referring to the place they met. Working memory is the second step if no reference can be drawn from physical surroundings. Suppose, two friends meet on street and one says, “I am on my way to the bank. They sent me the wrong bill again!” In this context, the hearer can no longer rely on the physical surrounding or working memory for disambiguation. Therefore, he has to employ his “knowledge of the world” for clarification, which will tell him that a riverbank can never send someone a bill. In this way, he can figure out that the speaker is talking about the financial institute. The above is an illustration put forward by Sperber and Wilson as an example of cognitive capabilities of human beings. From this example, we can see that one resorts to his physical surroundings, working memory and knowledge of the word to clarify the ambiguity caused by homonymy. Therefore, it seems that computer has to be equipped with the same abilities in order to perform the job. Let’s examine the translation of one famous software “东方快车” in China. Generally speaking, the translation software can to some extent distinguish different references of a word and pick out the correct one based upon the context. The following translation is done by “东方快车2003”. 1.
The bird has interesting bills.
鸟有有趣的帐单。 2.
The bill was passed. 法案被通过。 3.
I was sent the wrong bill by the company. 我被公司送错误的法案。 4.
I received my bill yesterday. 昨天我收到帐单。 Here the homonymy “bill” is translated within different context. Though the sentences are short, they have provided enough clues for disambiguation. Most people won’t have much difficulty in pointing out the right referential meaning of the word in these sentences. However, as we can see, computers are incapable of clear identification. The first translation does not make any sense, which may be attributed to the incomplete collection of referential meanings of “bill”. Here the word means the jaws of a bird together with their horny covering. Probably this meaning is excluded from the dictionary. The translation of the third sentence is also problematic. Most people will interpret the bill as a kind of account, rather than legal bill. This mistranslation should be attributed to a different reason, since the referential meaning of account is included in the dictionary, as illustrated in the translation of the fourth sentence. Apparently here the computer fails to identify the correct referential meaning. Let’s try another word “head”. The following translation is performed by the same software. 1.
Use your head and think! 使用你的头并且想！ 2.
Two heads are better than one. 2个头是更好与比一个。 3.
Heads, I win. 头，我赢。 4.
He is at the head of class. 他在班的头。 5.
He is the head of school. 他是学校的头。 6.
He is the head of the English Department. 他是英语的部门的领导。 This group of sentences contains a number of mistranslations as well. Like the word “bill”, the referential meanings of “head” are not complete, evidenced by the translation of the third sentence. The first two sentences are not translated very well, because “head” in both these two sentences refers to something intellectual instead of something physical. What is more interesting is the last two sentences, in which the word should be interpreted as “chief of an organization” both. However, with almost the same structure, the word is translated differently. From this comparison, it is clear that there is still great randomness in choosing the correct referential meaning. This kind of arbitrary choice can be further proved by the following example. I was sent the bill. 我被送帐单。 I was sent the wrong bill. 我被送错误的法案。 It is ridiculous to change the translation of “bill” simply because an adjective is added. More than that, this adjective makes it more explicit that the bill here refers to account instead of legal bill. Randomness in choice of referential meaning asserts itself clearly. The reason for this kind of mistranslation is self—evident. Computers are not endowed with cognitive capabilities, at least at present, to identify the correct referential meaning, by means of physical surrounding, working memory or knowledge of the world. What computers can rely on is from sheer input. Therefore, the question facing computer translation is how to make the full use of input. To give the question a tentative answer, I propose a solution from the theory of Relevance. As the latest theory in Pragmatics, the theory of Relevance starts from the field of conversation analysis and has been playing an increasingly important role in various linguistic areas. Its application has even been extended beyond literary works to fields like advertisement. There are two major ideas that can be borrowed from the theory to computer translation. One is the principle of economy and the other is the viewpoint of reconstruction. The theory of Relevance holds the belief that hearers of a conversation always try to make the least effort to comprehend as much as possible, which is called the principle of economy. This principle is very enlightening in the design of translation software. For instance, when people see the word “bill” in their daily life, most people will associate it with all kind of accounts they receive every day. Therefore, when they encounter the word in natural conversation, they always presuppose the referential meaning of word to be accounts, rather than a kind of legal document, unless something else in this context changes their mind, like the phrase “Bill of Rights”. As long as the presuppositional meaning does not deter comprehension, the hearer won’t bother to make any effort to change it. In the same way, every word or phrase should be given a “default meaning” in computer translation. It is particularly important for homonymy and polysemy, since they contain two or even more referential meanings. If every homonymy and polysemy can be given a default meaning, as long as the default meaning does not hinder the translation of the rest of the sentence, there is no need to try another referential meaning. The process is the same as how human beings understand conversations according the theory of Relevance. In this way, more resources can be saved to analyze and translate other parts of the sentence. Inevitably another question follows: human beings can set “default meaning” of a word by his life experience, how can computer do so? In order to solve this problem, we need to resort to corpus technology. In Corpus Linguistics, it has become a widely—accepted practice to describe a word from the resources in a certain corpus. The same can be applied to the classification of the referential meaning of homonymy and polysemy. The default meaning should be the referential meaning with the highest frequency, based upon the calculation of the relevant items collected in the corpus. The other viewpoint from the theory of Relevance that can shed some light on computer translation is the reconstruction theory. It is a natural step when one’s presuppositional meaning cannot fit in the context any more. He has to come up with a new referential meaning and reconstruct the context. The question facing computer translation is how can the computer know the default meaning of a homonymy or polysemy does not fit into the linguistic context. A number of approaches can be tried, and I choose the approach from collocation, in particular prepositional collocation to illustrate the process. If a homonymy or polysemy is within a prepositional phrase, the preposition associated with the noun can help the computer to decide on the correct referential meaning. Take “bank” as an example. If the computer locates the preposition “in” near the noun, chances are that here the word “bank” here refers to the financial institute. However, if the preposition is “on”, in most cases the word means the bank of the river. Of course, it is only an elementary judgment. One cannot count on the preposition to make out the definite meaning. Sentences like the following one may pose considerable difficulty to the computer. I will give a talk on the bank in China. Normally, syntactic analysis of translation software will treat “on the bank in China” as one prepositional phrase, instead of the modifier of the noun “talk”. However, no matter which referential meaning one chooses to interpret this sentence, the following translation done by the software makes little sense. 在银行上在中国我将给一次谈话。 The link between the preposition and the noun still needs statistical verification from corpus. Here I can only give a brief explanation to demonstrate that to some extent corpus linguistics is a viable and valuable approach to solve this problem. Though 12.21% of all words in Brown Corpus are propositions, (in LOB Corpus the corresponding figure is 12.34%) about 90% of all prepositional use is made up of only 14 most frequent prepositions. Therefore, the question left unsolved in how to enumerate the possible nouns following the prepositions. Of course, it is a fantasy to list all the possible nouns that can go after a particular preposition. Nevertheless, it is possible to exhaust all the homonymy and polysemy in common use. More importantly, if we specify the preceding prepositions before a homonymy or polysemy, the likelihood of mistranslation can be reduced to a great extent. Numerous examples can be found among the homonymy. If prepositions can be taken into account in computer translation, the following mistranslations done by “东方快车2003”can be avoided. At the point of: 在意义的 To the point of 到意义的 In the point of: 在意义的 Obviously, the respective prepositions and the noun “point” are translated separately and then added together. If computer can take into consideration other hints like the articles in translating prepositional phrases with homonymy or polysemy, chances are that mistranslation can be further removed. For instance, both the prepositional phrases “at the heart of” and “at heart” are listed as frequent occurring collocations in LOB Corpus. Needless to say, they differ in meaning, in spite of the identical preceding preposition. Therefore, what the computer can rely on within the phrase to differentiate the meaning is no other than the existence of the article “the”. As a matter of fact, prepositional phrase is only one kind of collocation. The more collocations (or formulaic phrases) can be taken into consideration in computer translation, the more accurate the computer translation will become. In this paper, I discuss computer translation of homonymy and polysemy. Correct identifying of the referential meaning is a must for translation, since it is described as the basis in comprehension in Sociosemiotics. Homonymy and polysemy are a group of words that pose special difficulty to the identification of referential meaning, especially to computer, which are not endowed with reasoning capacity like human beings. Important as the problem might be, it is overlooked and thereby leads to considerable mistranslation. I analyze the reasons for this mistranslation and come up with the linguistic theory of Relevance to look at the issue. It is suggested that a default meaning of a homonymy or polysemy should be set up and reconstructing the meaning be necessary from the context. A corpus—based approach should be considered in doing so. From the analysis of the collocation of homonymy and polysemy, it is more likely for the computer to figure out the correct referential meaning. Reference: Biber, D. et al. Corpus Linguistics. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. Halliday, M.A.K. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. Kennedy, G. An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. Sperber, D et al. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. Thomas, J. et al. Using Corpus for Language Research. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. Yule, G. The Study of Language. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. 何自然. Grice语用学说与关联理论. 外语教学与研究，. 熊学亮. Cognitive Pragmatics. 上海外语教育出版社，1999.
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嘉年华是什么意思？
嘉年华是什么意思？
08-09-08 & 发布
嘉年华早在欧洲是一个传统的节日。嘉年华的前身是欧美狂欢节，最早起源于古埃及，后来成为古罗马农神节的庆祝活动。 嘉年华是英文单词Carnival的中文译音，这个美丽的中文名字源于《圣经》中的一个故事：有一个魔鬼把耶稣困在旷野里，40天没有给耶稣吃东西，耶稣虽然饥饿，却没有接受魔鬼的诱惑。后来，为了纪念耶稣在这40天中的荒野禁食，信徒们就把每年复活节前的40天时间作为自己斋戒及忏悔的日子，这40天中，人们不能食肉，娱乐，生活肃穆沉闷，所以在斋期开始前的一周或半周内，人们会专门举行宴会、舞会、游行，纵情欢乐，而嘉年华最初的含义就是“告别肉食”。如今已没有多少人坚守大斋期之类的清规戒律，但传统的狂欢活动却保留了下来，成为人们一个重要节日。 嘉年华是香港人对狂欢节的意译，并且，在香港的文化中对狂欢节作了本地化，形成了“嘉年华”。 英语 Carnival 的最初译名是“狂欢节”，Carnival 的发音，很难恰如其分地用汉语表达，所以使用了“狂欢节”这个意译，比较直观好理解。后来狂欢节传到香港，香港人将它改译为“嘉年华”。这个译名，是懂外文又深谙中文的知识分子的杰作，有兼顾音和义的双关之妙，遗憾的是，它不能确切表达Carnival 的狂欢之义。“嘉年华”无论听起来或看起来都显得优雅文气，与Carnival 的热烈、狂放气氛不符。事实也如此，在香港长期举行下来的 Carnival ，业已变得比较文雅温和，与巴西式狂欢的Carnival 殊途异趣、大不相同了。 “环球嘉年华”就是一家周游世界各地的大型综合娱乐场所。由于历史悠久，以及成功的广告营销策略，“环球嘉年华”早已成为一个知名品牌，其品牌的无形资产价值甚至要远远高于那些游艺设备的价值。北京某些商家，搭顺风车借“环球嘉年华”登陆北京之机，纷纷打出各色“嘉年华”牌狠赚一把，让人不能不佩服国人的“机灵”。
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[编辑本段]嘉年华的渊源　　嘉年华早在欧洲是一个传统的节日。嘉年华的前身是欧美狂欢节，最早起源于古埃及，后来成为古罗马农神节的庆祝活动。 　　嘉年华是英文单词Carnival的中文译音，这个美丽的中文名字源于《圣经》中的一个故事：有一个魔鬼把耶稣困在旷野里，40天没有给耶稣吃东西，耶稣虽然饥饿，却没有接受魔鬼的诱惑。后来，为了纪念耶稣在这40天中的荒野禁食，信徒们就把每年复活节前的40天时间作为自己斋戒及忏悔的日子，这40天中，人们不能食肉，娱乐，生活肃穆沉闷，所以在斋期开始前的一周或半周内，人们会专门举行宴会、舞会、游行，纵情欢乐，而嘉年华最初的含义就是“告别肉食”。如今已没有多少人坚守大斋期之类的清规戒律，但传统的狂欢活动却保留了下来，成为人们一个重要节日。 　　嘉年华是香港人对狂欢节的意译，并且，在香港的文化中对狂欢节作了本地化，形成了“嘉年华”。 　　英语 Carnival 的最初译名是“狂欢节”，Carnival 的发音，很难恰如其分地用汉语表达，所以使用了“狂欢节”这个意译，比较直观好理解。后来狂欢节传到香港，香港人将它改译为“嘉年华”。这个译名，是懂外文又深谙中文的知识分子的杰作，有兼顾音和义的双关之妙，遗憾的是，它不能确切表达Carnival 的狂欢之义。“嘉年华”无论听起来或看起来都显得优雅文气，与Carnival 的热烈、狂放气氛不符。事实也如此，在香港长期举行下来的 Carnival ，业已变得比较文雅温和，与巴西式狂欢的Carnival 殊途异趣、大不相同了。 　　嘉年华的起源 　　“嘉年华”音译自英文“Carnival”，是起源于欧洲的一种民间狂欢活动，最早可以追溯到1294年的威尼斯。多年以来，“嘉年华”逐渐从一个传统的节日，到今天成为包括大型游乐设施在内，辅以各种文化艺术活动形式的公众娱乐盛会。全世界各地有着花样繁多的嘉年华会，并成为很多城市的标志。 　　其实，中国媒体经常提到的世界各地狂欢节，比如著名的巴西圣保罗狂欢节、威尼斯狂欢节、牙买加狂欢节，英文都是：Saint 　　Paul Winter Carnival，Carnival Venice，Jamaica Carnival。[编辑本段]环球嘉年华　　环球嘉年华是世界知名的娱乐品牌，是与迪斯尼主题公园、环球影城并驾齐驱的世界三大娱乐主题之一，但它的运营形式很独特。 　　环球嘉年华的场地一般是向当地政府租借使用，活动时间大致在一个月到两个月之间。另外，环球嘉年华中的大型游艺机也是向欧洲各大家族租借，以保证其机械的更新换代和安全性能。 　　作为世界最大型的巡回移动式游乐场，环球嘉年华已经游历了法国巴黎、英国伦敦、马来西亚吉隆坡、新加坡、阿联酋迪拜、中国香港等诸多城市，受到各地的热烈欢迎。这次上海“环球嘉年华”从瑞典、英国、德国、意大利等国，用200多个集装箱运输了世界顶级的游乐机；负责安装、操作和维护的外籍员工170多人，分别来自13个国家和地区。 　　环球嘉年华的理念 　　环球嘉年华经营模式的特点就是：巡回性、多元性、自主性、互动性。环球嘉年华场内所有的灯光，音乐和设备的运转，都在努力为游人创造一种积极互动的环境，希望游人投身于这个营造出来的欢乐气氛中，尽情享受一切。 　　在欧洲，嘉年华是一个传统的节日。嘉年华的前身是欧美狂欢节，最早起源于古埃及，后来成为古罗马的农神节的庆祝活动。 　　不过你是过否知道，这个美丽的中文名字最初的起源，和2000多年前的一段《圣经》故事有关。《圣经·新约》中有一个魔鬼试探耶稣的故事，说的是魔鬼把耶稣困在旷野里，40天没有给耶稣吃东西，耶稣虽然饥饿，却没有接受魔鬼的诱惑。 　　后来，为了纪念耶稣在这40天中的荒野禁食，信徒们就把每年复活节前的40天时间作为自己斋戒及忏悔的日子，叫做大斋节或者四旬斋（Lent）。据说，古希腊和古罗马的木神节、酒神节都是它的前身。 　　如今已没有多少人坚守大斋期之类的清规戒律，但传统的狂欢活动却保留了下来，成为人们一个重要节日。 　　大约在上个世纪70年代，复旦大学外文系的陆谷孙教授第一次在香港听到了“嘉年华会”的名称，从人们狂欢的活动中，他猜这个中文的“嘉年华”必定就是英文中的Carnival，香港人总是会有许多精巧的音译名词。不久之后，这个优美的译名便也传入内地，成为人们熟悉的名词。 　　作为世界上最大的巡回式嘉年华，致力于把具有欧洲传统风格的大型民间嘉年华会引入中国市场。环球嘉年华已举办9次高度成功的嘉年华活动，创造6300万美元收入，接待900多万宾客，成为大中华区具有绝对优势的嘉年华领先者，就规模、管理技巧以及产品质量而言，几乎没有任何竞争者可与其相抗衡。 　　环球嘉年华最近组织的“2003年上海节”(Shanghai Festival 2003)吸引了220万游客，人均花费12.77美元。上海嘉年华的日参观人次和人均花费高于香港和新加坡嘉年华活动，显示出中国消费者具有强烈的消费欲望和花费能力，从而有力地支持环球嘉年华活动。 　　环球嘉年华的成功纪录为其带来来自中国多个城市政府和机构的邀请函，更不用说已应邀支持2004年6月在北京举办的年度夏季奥运庆祝活动，并在2008年举办奥运庆祝活动时达到高潮。环球嘉年华正在有条不紊地逐步增强其广告宣传攻势，以期最大限度地增加其在中国市场的发展机会。 　　为了适应在中国这一世界增长速度最快经济体和世界最大消费市场建立有利可图的事业的挑战，环球嘉年华将继续构筑其成功的“超级嘉年华”(MegaCarnival)产品组合，此产品组合以在中国民间文化、娱乐和体育活动的欢乐氛围中进行流行和传统嘉年华乘骑和竞技活动为特色。通过广泛的媒体报道以及数百万快乐环球嘉年华游客强烈口碑背书，环球嘉年华品牌在整个地区迅速获得广泛认可。环球嘉年华品牌在消费者中间树立信心。消费者知道无论何时何地参加嘉年华活动，他们都能在一种安全、干净的环境中体验环球嘉年华活动带来的最新的令人刺激的嘉年华乘骑活动、具有挑战性的有奖励竞技活动、独特吸引力以及世界一流的娱乐享受。 　　环球嘉年华活动是经过专业化组织的大型民间嘉年华盛会，主要包含： 　　·机动乘骑项目－这些项目从具有极限速度和运动以及身体挑战的乘骑项目，到由亲朋好友一起体验的较为适中的乘骑项目，到青少年乘骑项目（按儿童的能力和身高分类）不等，在一种十分安全的环境中提供同样刺激的体验。 　　·竞技项目－鼓励游客积极参与的竞技活动，用有吸引力和流行的奖品奖励熟练的玩家，这些奖品通常为柔软可爱的玩具。 　　·文化娱乐项目－种类繁多的国内外文化性民间娱乐表演。 　　·美食与购物－多种多样国内外食品，令人眼花缭乱。 　　注：环球嘉年华活动坚持严格的“不供酒或仅允许现场饮用的政策”，以便发扬安全和家庭价值。 　　·环球嘉年华体验－以上所有活动都是在一种刺激、活跃和欢乐的环境中进行的，此环境充满灯光、音乐、色彩、舞蹈、歌声和运动，使受感染的游客享受到独一无二的“环球嘉年华体验”。 　　环球嘉年华是一种适合于公众参与的真正民间文化活动，他们可以自由选择所希望参加的乘骑活动、竞技活动和有趣项目。可吸引最广大的人群前来参观。环球嘉年华活动期间，向广大游客提供许多民间和国际娱乐节目，作为其“环球嘉年华体验”的组成部分。 　　“环球嘉年华”的概念使一般公众可以通过参加乘骑和竞技活动，积极体验奥林匹克精神，因为这些活动强调： 　　·个人挑战精神。 　　·身体表现精神。 　　·竞争精神。 　　·发现个人表现限度－极限速度和运动之下的心理和身体表现限度。 　　环球嘉年华把许多面向体育运动的乘骑、竞技活动（如足球、篮球、打靶比赛）包含在内，这些活动创造一种挑战性氛围，在这种氛围下，一般公众可亲身体验到集中体现奥林匹克精神的个人挑战、表现和竞争的刺激感受，从而进一步增强了奥林匹克精神。环球嘉年华使一般公众体会到奥运参与感并亲身感受奥林匹克精神，从而产生使“2008年奥运会”达到顶点的动力、热情和期待。通过每次连续的年度夏季奥运庆祝活动，环球嘉年华将在整个嘉年华活动中强化体育运动主题，从而进一步强调奥林匹克精神，并提高一般公众对奥运会的接受动力和程度。在欧洲，嘉年华是一个传统的节日。嘉年华的前身是欧美狂欢节，最早起源于古埃及，后来成为古罗马的农神节的庆祝活动。[编辑本段]英文介绍　　This article describes the festival season. In North America, carnival also refers to a funfair. For other uses, see Carnival (disambiguation). 　　Carnival is a festival season. It occurs immediately before L the main events are usually during February or March. It typically involves a public celebration or parade combining some elements of a circus and public street party. People often dress up or masquerade during the celebrations.　　Carnival is mostly associated with Roman Catholic and, to a lesser extent, Eastern Orthodox C Protestant areas usually do not have carnival celebrations or have modified traditions, like the Danish Carnival. The world's largest carnival celebration is held in Brazil but many countries worldwide have large, popular celebrations.　　[edit] History　　________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________　　History:　　Cigarron is a traditional character of north-west of Spain.Inspiration for the carnival lies in the fact that during Lent, traditionally no parties may be held and many foods, such as meat, the fourty days of Lent serve to commemorate the Passion of Jesus. It is natural for people to have the desire to hold a large celebration at the last possible opportunity before fasting.　　Parts of the carnival traditions, however, likely reach back to pre-Christian times. The ancient Roman festival of the Saturnalia is a probably origin of the Italian carnival. The Saturnalia, in turn, may be based on the Greek Dionysia and Oriental festivals. While medieval pageants and festivals such as Corpus Christi were church sanctioned celebrations, carnival was a representation of medieval folk culture. Many local carnival customs are also based on local pre-Christian rituals, for example the elaborate rites involving masked figures in the Swabian-Alemannic carnival.　　In Christianity, the most famous traditions, including parades and masquerading, are first attested from medieval Italy. The carnival of Venice was for a long time the most famous carnival. From Italy, carnival traditions spread to Spain, Portugal, and France. From France, they spread to the Rhineland of Germany, and to New Orleans. From Spain and Portugal, they spread to Latin America. Many other areas have developed their own traditions.　　_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________　　Name　　The origin of the name &carnival& is disputed. According to one theory, it comes from the Latin carrus navalis (&ship cart&),[1] referring to a cart in a religious parade, such as a cart in a religious procession at the annual festivities in honor of the god Apollo. Other sources, however, suggest that the name comes from the Italian carne levare or similar, meaning &to remove meat&, since meat is prohibited during Lent.[2] Another theory states that the word comes from the Late Latin expression carne vale, which means &farewell to meat&, signifying that those were the last days when one could eat meat before the fasting of Lent.　　---------------------------------QQ宠物嘉年华----------------------------------　　在QQ宠物中,有一个活动叫嘉年华,可得奖励如下:　　棒球有：西湖龙井、灵芝仙人掌、冰爽沐浴液、茶爽牙膏、棒棒实惠包（下岛咖啡×2、含香凝露）、棒棒时尚包（滴答果果×5、含香凝露×4、通风散、糖果）、棒棒百宝包（下岛咖啡×5、妙味香皂×6、还魂丹、糖果）、乐扣贝 、星座卡片 　　攀岩有：霹雳啪啦糖、水果面膜、西湖龙井、旺旺实惠包（青松茶笋×2、含香凝露）、旺旺时尚包（滴答果果×5、含香凝露×4、茶树油、糖果）、乐扣贝、星座卡片 　　游泳有：含香凝露、红莓苔子果酱、桃桃布丁×5、（五彩沙拉、舒爽喷湿器）、游泳实惠包（茶爽牙膏×4、润肤露）、游泳时尚包（果味米米花×5、茶爽牙膏×4、仙人汤、糖果）、 乐扣贝 　　跨栏有：月光饼饼、震动减肥仪、舒爽喷湿器、滴答果果、宝宝爽身粉滑滑爽爽粉、蜜汁乳香骨、砰砰瓜、魔幻矿泉泥、礼包（人参火果汁×2、玫瑰香薰、清凉油×2、糖果），圈圈冰淇淋+QQ魔镜、乐扣贝 　　跳高有：怪怪南瓜饼、漂漂孔雀果+爽喷湿器、果味米米花、冰爽沐浴液、跳高实惠包（滴答果果×4+润肤露）、跳高时尚包（滴答果果×5、茶爽牙膏×4、何首乌、糖果）、跳高百宝包（青松茶笋×5、宝宝爽身粉×6、还魂丹、糖果）、乐扣贝 、星座卡片 　　打靶有:蹦豆豆卷 、温泉溜溜蛋 、冰爽沐浴液 、下岛咖啡 、呜噜呜噜云 、圈圈冰淇淋 、宝宝爽身粉 、伟大可乐 、震动减肥仪 、桃桃布丁、舒爽喷湿器 、乐扣贝
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